Interaction nexus between real estate market and macroeconomics

Interaction nexus between real estate market and macroeconomics In this chapter, I will review the existing researches about the interaction nexus between real estate market and macroeconomics while analyzing and summarizing the data structure and the methodologies used. Considering Chinas specific national conditions and policies, I will shed light on Chinese housing empirical studies, and estimate their research from different economic aspects, expecting to provide a useful perspective for my further research. Housing price is the price formed by both supply and demand sides in the real estate market. According to the fluctuations in property prices in each country, housing prices generally have three characteristics: periodicity, city differences, and bubble. Periodicity refers to how real estate price fluctuations are cyclically or periodically associated with both microeconomic and macroeconomics fluctuations. Early in the 1960s, after Richard Muth (1960) rigorously developed a housing market competitive theory, a lot of economist studied the housing market from the perspective of microeconomics. In 1969, under a lot of assumptions, Olsen (1969) found that if the housing market were perfectly competitive, the poor would not pay more per unit for housing. However, in the survey done by Richard Arnott (1987), which reviewed the microeconomic modeling of the housing sector developed at that time, it was found that even if the competitive theory of housing market is reasonably sophisticated and well developed, it is still hard to ascertain the adequacy of it in explaining the effects of a particular housing policy since there are no well-articulated alternative models. Then, in later years, scholars focused more on the study of the relationship between the real estate market and macroeconomic fundamentals. According to business cycle theory, there is interaction between real estate prices and macroeconomic fundamental variables. One or more macroeconomic variables will cause fluctuations in real estate prices, but, in the meantime, changes in the real estate industry also will lead to macroeconomic volatility. In the change process, they formed a mutually reinforcing interaction mechanism. On the basis of the existing literature, macroeconomics affect real estate prices primarily through the real estate supply and demand, which can be subdivided into GDP, income, consumption, interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, construction costs, land prices, bank credit, and other basic economic variables. In order to understand the impact of real estate price fluctuations on the macroeconomics, most existing studies analyzed from the perspective that the prices affect total consumption and total investment. Since there is a close relationship between real estate prices and macroeconomic volatility, the empirical research of their interactive relationship has always been very important in the field of economics. At present, the relevant research literatures can be divided into two categories: (a) The first type mainly analyzes the relationship between real estate prices and the whole macroeconomic fundamentals; (b) The second type analyzes the relationship between real estate prices and one or several specific macro-basic variables (GDP, income, interest rates, investment and so on). We will now detail the two types. 2.2 Housing prices and macroeconomic fundamentals The real estate industry has become a mature industry in many developed countries. According to existing literature, most of the economists empirical research is derived primarily from the perspective of equilibrium theory. Based on the traditional regression analysis model, they used more independent linear systems, numerical economic models and others to analyze the dataGenerally speaking, the macroeconomic fundamentals will affect the investment, credit, and also, the change of interest rate will affect the supply of real estate. On the other hand, economic growth will affect the income and thus affect the demand for real estate. According to equilibrium theory, under the market competition mechanism, the market will eventually be cleared through real estate prices. However, Case and Shiller(1987, 1989, 1990) found that the housing market does not appear to be very efficient; it is contrary to the efficient market hypothesis. Then, in Clapp and Giaccottos study (1994), they not only confirmed Case and Shillers (1987, 1989, 1990) result but also found macroeconomic changes have a good predictive ability for real estate prices. Clapp and Giaccotto (1994) used the data of East Hartford, Manchester, and West Hartford over the period from October 1, 1981, to September 30, 1988, with 2 methods: the repeat sales method and the assessed value (AV) method. They found that the local unemployment and expected inflation have considerable forecasting ability for the housing prices; and compare with the first-time house, the repeat housing index is more sensitive in the short run due to the lagged economic factors; It showed the housing market does not meet the efficient market hypothesis (Clapp and Giaccotto, 1994). With a much longer data set than common literature, Holly and Jones (1997) provided a more comprehensive perspective on the behavior of housing prices in UK. In order to seek the co-integrating relationships between housing prices and long run, they ran a regression with the housing prices and economic factors such as real income, the user cost, and building society lending. The results showed that, with the exception of population, almost all the factors were rejected at the 1% level in the unit root test, and that the most important determinant of real housing prices was real income; the dynamic adjustment of housing prices is asymmetrical; it depends on whether housing prices are below or above the long run equilibrium. When housing prices are above equilibrium, they seem to adjust back more quickly (Holly and Jones, 1997). But, Brown, Haiyan, and McGillivray (1997) thought that since the early 1980s, the UK housing market had suffered a number of structural changes; consequently, the parameter was instable, meaning those models that assume the underling data-generating process are not appropriate. Under an assumption that the economic system is unstable, they adopted the Time Varying Coefficient (TVC) methodology, and found TVC specification outperforms the alternative constant parameter specifications of housing prices. Because most of the models have failed to predict the 1992 housing price downturn, part of further research was planned to use the TVC specification to examine the models forecasting ability beyond 1992. Using the data in the past 25 years of 6 European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK), Iacoviello (2002) established dynamics of house prices by using a tractable value at risk framework in a straightforward way, which we call SVAR model. He pointed out that house price inflation is highly sensitive to the forces driving economic fluctuations; different housing and credit market institutions play different role in the IS-LM Phillips curve paradigm, but this relationship might change with the changing of institutions; in addition, regulatory legal structure and new monetary policy also will affect that relationship (Iacoviello, 2002). Similarly, using the SVAR model, DeHaant and Sterken (2004) studied 13 developed countries real estate markets. Their results showed that, to one country, compared with stock, housing plays a more important role in consumption and output; when housing price raise 1%, consumption will raise 0.75%; when housing price raise 1.5%, GD P will raise 0.4% (DeHaant and Sterken, 2004). In the Asian market, Quigley (2002) pointed out that, although most of the existed models can generate patterns of housing price changes over time in response to varying conditions in economic fundamentals, there was little research on the effect of changes in property markets upon subsequent economic conditions. With his empirical study, he determined that economic fundamentals do not explain most of the variation in the housing prices in short run, and that there were many bubbles in Asian property market during the late 1990s (Quigley, 2002). At the same time, Miki Seko (2003) adopted the SVAR model to analyze the Japanese housing prices. In his paper, the results showed there is a strong relationship between Japanese housing market and its economic fundamentals; and by analyzing the economic factors, the development of the real estate market can be predicted (Miki Seko, 2003). It is clear that housing is not just a normal consumption goods, it is a large share of the overall macro-economy. Significant fluctuations in macro-economy would cause significant volatility in housing market. On the other hand, the volatility in housing market also implies the fluctuations in macro-economy. However, the interactive nexus between housing market and the different aspects of macro-economy is different. Thus, besides the studies that analyzed the macro fundamentals-housing market, some economists study from different angles to examine the interactive nexus between housing market and one or several specified macro variables. 2.3 macro-basic variables 2.3.1 Supply and demand Theoretically, price is determined by supply and demand sides. In the housing market, the relationship between supply and demand is formed by many macroeconomic factors, and with the changes in these factors, supply and demand continues to change. Therefore, some economists thought the greatest impact on housing prices comes from the supply and demand, and have dedicated their research in this area. Normally, in the real estate industry, the supply side is mainly affected by land price, facilities costs, construction tax, construction exploration and design cost, and so on. And, among them, land price is the most important factor. Since housing is a product, it is not just a demand price, but also a supply price. In the real estate economic activities, land purchase and development is the beginning and the foundation, and land purchase cost is the most important part of housing costs. From the supply perspective, the land price fluctuations are an important factor in housing price volatility. On the contrary, due to land supply is restricted by the natural; there is a lack of flexibility. Therefore, land price is mainly decided by its demand side, which is mainly composed by the real estate business. The real estate industry has a huge impact on the land market as well. In order to examine the interactive nexus between housing price and land price, Peng and Wheaton (1994) analyzed the Hong Kong market. Because Hong Kong is a small island with a fixed boundary, it would be clear what the influence of land supply on housing prices. Using a modified stock-flow model, their results showed that the supply restrictions in Hong Kong have caused higher housing prices but not lower housing output (Peng and Wheaton, 1994). Similar outcomes can be found in Alyousha and Tsoukis (1999) study. They employed the quarterly data from England and Wales from the period Q1, 1981-Q2, 1994 to explore the implications of intertemporal optimization for house and land prices (Alyousha and Tsoukis, 1999). Adopting a simple housing flow supply model, which is based on the Euler equation (Hall, 1978), they found that, under a perfect competition, house prices are co-integrated with land prices and house building costs. But, through the Granger test, Hall (1987) found housing price is not the land prices cause. Also, after an econometric analysis of American cities, Edward, Joseph and Hilber (2002) determined that land price was positively correlated with regional economic development, the level of human capital, and have no direct relationship with housing price. As for demand side, existing research usually examined from the aspects which are disposable income, GDP, property taxation, population and so on. There is a large diverse literature related to the housing and taxation because it is clearly that property taxation would directly affect the housing purchasing decisions, and further affect the housing demand. Just like United States, the tax system seems to favor housing ownership in many countries. Thus, Dimasi (1987) employed a computable, spatial general equilibrium model; and found out that differential tax treatment on land and capital can cause a significant social welfare loss. Many other general equilibrium models also found out tax policies that favor the housing sector would lead to a significantly negative impact on both housing sector and aggregate income. From another special perspective, Mankiw and Weil (1989) examined the relations between demography-induced changes in housing demand and real house prices in the United States. They thought that the Baby Boom generation into its house-buying ages was the major cause of the increase in housing prices in the 1970s and the housing demand would grow more slowly in the next decade because of the population structure. Changes in housing demand will further affect the housing price (Mankiw and Weil, 1989)). However, unlike the estimations of Mankiw and Weil (1989), Gary and James (1990) using postwar data from Canada, and found that even if the demographic patterns were similar in Canada and United States, the aggregate time series correlation between shifting demographics and real house prices is distinctly different. From the empirical analysis, they considered there is a statistically insignificant, but in most cases, demographic demand is negative associated with house prices (Gary and James, 1990). 2.3.2 Monetary policy Generally speaking, as an overall policy, monetary policy is mainly concerned to control the trend and fluctuations of aggregate demand; the impact on the real estate market and the sensitivity of the housing price should be limited. However, as the changing in the structure of global financial markets and developing in real estate industry, the nexus between them has become more and more close, financial sector has become an important reference index in the housing market. It is also proved in Alan, John and Brians (2005) study. They found, in eighteen major industrial countries, certain financial conditions (ample liquidity, low interest rates, and financial deregulation) were usually present in past housing price surges, and could conceivably raise the probability of the intensity or the occurrence of the rise. As for interest rate, considering from the supply side, when it decline, real estate investment and real estate mortgage loans will continuously pour into the real estate industry, and promote housing prices continuing to rise. But, as for the demand side increasing in interest rates will directly affect consumers credit repayment costs; so that some consumers would out of the housing market, which affecting the real estate demand, and further led to corresponding changes in real estate prices. By studying the impact of real and nominal interest rates on real estate prices, Harris (1989) thought that changes in real interest rates could explain the market price level; nominal interest rates affect housing price only when the real estate value is expected to rise. Among the monetary policy, bank credit and investment are the most important determinates. As the real estate industry is capital-intensive industry, and most of the funds come from the bank credit and investment, the change in bank load will significantly affect the supply of real estate industry. Besides, a large part of real estate loans are mortgage loans, the value of real estate products in the market determines the size of the loan amount in this industry. In 2004, Davis and Zhu (2004) discovered, in the long term, bank credit is positively correlated with house prices, and effect of housing price on the bank credit is very significant, but in their paper, the reverse impact was still uncertain. Matteo (2005) developed and estimated a monetary business cycle model with nominal loans and collateral constraints tied to housing values. Since collateral effects allow the model match the positive response of real spending to a housing prices shock, Matteo (2005) found fall in the housing prices will reinforced the impact negative monetary shock on real rate, consumption and output. Similarly, based on the Hong Kong sample, Gerlach and Pengs (2005) thought property prices would determine bank lending, but, it was interesting that they found bank lending does not appear to influence property prices in Hong Kong. 2.3.3 Cycles Empirical evidence shows that there is a cyclical movements and volatility in the housing market, and obviously, this kind of cyclical movements would relate to the economic cycles. Economics found that it would be useful and interesting to explore these movements in the housing market, thus many studies examined the housing-economy cycle relationship from both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Greenwood and Hercowitz (1991) and Baxter (1996) build up a dynamic general equilibrium models to reproduce the co-movement of business and residential investment that observed in the US. Davis and Heathcote (2001) also considered that, in the US, the residential investment lead the cycle while the non-residential investment lags the cycle, and this co-movement between housing market and macro-economy has been documented for several countries. Also, economics often analyze real property market tie to long cycles. Gottlieb (1976) considered, the amplitudes of housing cycles are larger than typical business cycles, and the periodicity might be significantly longer than those of the business cycle. For instance, Ball (1998) showed, in UK, new commercial property cycles have a 10 years duration while they are independent of the business cycle. Employing the cross-country data and the Kalman Filter technique, Ball (1999) again found significant long cycles of new construction, which with periodicity of 20-30 years in both residential and non-residential real estate markets. As we can see, the importance and sensitivity of real estate prices attracted a large number of scholars to concerned. Based on the review above, the existing literatures are mainly adopting the cross-section data and time series data, so that the specific econometric methods of housing models are mostly focusing on: traditional ordinary least squares model (OLS), value at risk model (VAR), tractable value at risk framework in a straightforward way (SVAR), co-integration and so on. 2.4 Empirical evidence in the Chinese context Compare with developed countries, Chinese real estate market started relatively late. But along with Chinas rapid economic development, the real estate industry is also showing a good development trend. As real estate investment occupies a very high proportion of total investment in fixed assets, and the volatility in real estate market is closely related to macroeconomic and national policy, the issue of housing prices is not only related to a citys development, but also related to financial security and the living cost of ordinary people. Thus, Chinese economists have also attached great importance to the development of the real estate market, and conducted extensive research. However, since the late development of Chinas statistical system, the database is not perfect, most of the Chinese scholars just analyzed the relationship between housing market and macroeconomic theoretically, empirical studies are relatively small. 2.4.1 Fundamentals First, because of the importance impact of macro fundamentals on real estate prices, using appropriate data and models to estimate the nexus between them has always been the focus of Chinese economists. Adopting the housing index and macro fundamental data (1995-2002) of 14 cities, Shen and Liu (2004) employed a mixed regression, and empirically examined the relationship between housing prices and economic fundamentals. The results showed the impact of macro fundamentals on housing market is quite different in different cities. The explain model was significant affected by the city characteristics (Shen and Liu, 2004). Song and Wei (2009) using a co-integration and vector error modified model, and considered that, in long run, there is a long-term stability of the dynamic equilibrium between real estate prices and macroeconomic; but when short-term imbalances, it becomes into a negative feedback mechanism. Song and Wei (2009) also found that fluctuation of GDP and inflation is the Granger cause of housing price volatility and the impact of interest rates is not significant. Based on partial least-squares regression (PLS), Wang and Xie (2010) estimate the annual data of China within the period of 1999-2008. They thought land prices, capital size and national wealth are the top three factors that affect Chinas price changes at present; although the influence of long/middle-term loan rate is weak, money supply do play a very prominent role in Chinas housing prices volatility (Wang and Xie, 2010). In addition to the analysis of real estate market and macro fundamentals, Chinese economists also studied the housing market from different economic perspective and tie to their own national circumstances and policies. 2.4.2 Land price As the reforming of Chinese housing system and land system, the housing sales prices were climbing higher and higher until the financial crisis in 2008, but, after a short depression, the price still maintain the rising trend. General view is that, due to the land purchase cost is the main cost which constitute the housing costs, high land prices is the main reason of high housing prices. Especially after the Ministry of Land Resources released two new policy  [1]  of land sale, more people think that the skyrocketed of housing prices is because of the high land prices. The policies require that any commercial, tourist, entertainment, commercial housing and other kinds of business land must be transferred by tender, auction or listing mode. After the new land policies, the land transfer cost rose sharply; and almost in the same period, the housing prices have skyrocketed as well. Thus, from the point of view of China Real Estate Association, Yang (2003), Bao (2004) and Cheng (2004) thought since a large number of land transactions using auctions, land prices increased dramatically. And land purchase costs account for 30% percent of the housing prices, hence construction costs raised, further driving a rapidly rise in housing prices; this Cost-push theory was also supported by a large number of real estate developers (Yang, 2003; Bao, 2004; Cheng, 2004). But, Ministry of Land Resources hold the opposite view. Deputy Minister Fu (2006) considered that even if the tender, auction or listing transaction mode will lead an increase in land prices, it might not raise the housing price, the most important factor affecting housing prices is still supply and demand in the housing market. On the contrary, Fu (2006) thought, land is a production factor of real estate industry; the demand for land is generated by the demand for housing, therefore, huge demand in housing m arket and the rapidly increase in housing prices makes demand for land, and further drive the land prices rise. However, Wang and Wu (2009) did not agree both of them. Employing the panel data from 28 regions, they found, in China, although land prices promoting housing prices in long-run and housing prices driving an increase in land prices in both long-run and short-run, this mechanism depends on the region. Wand and Wu (2009) thought that the interaction between land prices and housing prices is different in different regions, so the relationship between them should be implement regional studies and cannot be generalized. 2.4.3 Bank credit After the 1997 Asian financial crisis, in order to stimulate economic growth, China implemented a proactive fiscal and monetary policy: repeatedly issued bonds, reduced interest rates several times, vigorously infrastructure; real estate industry become a national priority support industry and the financial sector continue to increase the real estate credit. But until now, Chinas banking system is still not perfect; most of the loans are mortgage loans, therefore, value of real estate products in the market will directly determine the size of credit. Typically, the credit will play two roles in the housing market. If the real estate prices cyclical rising, since financial institutions anticipate the housing prices can keep rising in the following, banks will relax lending conditions, thus, the increasing housing prices will directly lead to the upswing in real estate bank credit. Because of land and real estate products supply is very inelastic in the short-term, to some extent, the upswing in real estate bank credit will further push up house prices increase. By the same token, the decline in house prices leads to a decline in the quality of bank assets, reduce the size of bank funds, so banks will abate the amount of credit, which will further decrease the housing prices. Based on the panel data of credit and housing market, Li (2004) considered that among Chinas current macro-economic control policy, credit policy play the most significant role in the real estate market. He also believed the flexibility of supply side and demand side is different, so the impact of monetary policy on the supply is greater than that on demand (Li, 2004). Employing the error correction model and VAR model, Zhong and Yan (2009) thought that there existed a stable equilibrium relationship between the volatility of real estate prices and credit in long-run. After the Granger test, Zhong and Yan (2009) found real estate prices and the amount of real estate credit influence each other and they both are the Granger cause for each other. Studying on the East Asian financial crisis, Xiang and Li (2005) also believed bank credit expansion played a very important role in the formation of the real estate bubble in East Asian countries. Thus, in order to ensure the health of Chinas real estate development, it should strengthen the financial system construction and regulation (Xiang and Li, 2005). 2.4.4 Others In addition, through calculating the Lerner index  [2]  (Lerner, 1934) of the real estate market in China, Li (2005) considered the level of monopoly in Chinas real estate market is very high. Even if as the market economy developing, the competition in the real estate market will gradually get better, but this process will be very slow (Li, 2005). And from another special perspective, Yin (2010) thought the existence of North paradox  [3]  behavior (North, 1981) in the local government is an important cause of housing price fluctuations. Local government is lack of intrinsic motivation to stabilize the real estate market; local governments various rescue policies are also mainly based on the purpose of obtain more land transfer fees; thus just depends on local governments behavior can not maintain healthy and sustainable development of the real estate market, the central government should implement more effective macroeconomic policies (Yin, 2010). Comparing with foreign literatures, Chinas real estate market research also adopting cross-section data, time series data, especially panel data. Relevant econometric methods are: co-integration approach, Granger test, error correction model (ECM), and panel data model; in the meantime, the analysis about the impact of macroeconomic policy is also Chinese economists priority concerns. 2.5 Deficiencies However, for the following aspects, Chinas research is still inadequate: The studies on macroeconomic policy are more focused on the theoretical analysis; they are lack of a comprehensive empirical analysis. Currently, the analysis of macroeconomic fluctuations is mainly under an assumption of closed economy. But, with economic globalization, Chinas real estate market will be more affected by international economic development, so the discussion of the relationship between the real estate prices and macro economic fluctuations that under an open economy is more meaningful. There is no analysis of government expenditure in Chinas real estate literatures. However, according to macroeconomic theory, government investment will promote private investment, thereby affecting the real estate investment and price. So, the empirical quantitative estimation about the real estate prices and government spending will contribute to the in-depth analysis of the relationship between the government and the real estate market.

Event Organisation Description

Event Organisation Description 1. DEFINITION OF EVENT. a) Experts definition of event. To better understanding the definition of events I would like to mention at the beginning that various terms is used to explain its meaning.   To find the answer for this question I will quote Getz who said that A special event is a unique moment in time celebrated with ceremony and ritual to satisfy specific needs. Getz (1997; p.4), Another event specialists state that an event can be defined as anything which happens; any incidence or occurrence especially a memorable one; contingency or possibility of occurrence; and item in a programme and organised activity at particular venue for sales promotion and fundraising. (Bowdin2011,p.17) b) My own definition of event. In my opinion an event is a special occasion such as football match, festival or concert which has happen in a special place, on specific time and required a lot of different kind of things to be organised before it may take a place. The event doesnt occur very often so its the reason why it is so special and many people is looking forward to be a part of something unique in some way. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THREE EVENTS FROM DIFFERENT SECTORS. T IN THE PARK FESTIVAL The biggest music festival in Scotland, held at a disused airport in Balado.T in the Park is an event that every year attracts over 80,000 music fans from around the world. During the 3 days of the festival there are over 180 artists performing on eleven stages. In the past, there appeared stars such as Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Who, Green Day, The Killers, Foo Fighters, REM, Oasis and Radiohead. First edition took place in 1994 in Strathclyde Country Park. Its name comes from the main sponsor Tennents brewery. Baldo park is an excellent location for the event as most Scottish who want to take part in the festival can get there easily which makes it an ideal place to host this type of event. The festival includes of three days of fun, music and dance. The festival takes place every second weekend of July. People attending for the event are mostly young people interested in pop, rock and electronic music. Through the years the festival has be become increasingly popular and now it is the biggest music festival in UK. OCTOBER FEST- Its the largest beer and folk festival held in Munich in Bavaria (Germany). Oktoberfest takes place from 1810 years. Until 1871, it took place in October, and since 1872 the beginning of the event has been postponed for September. In recent years the average number of visitors was six million people. During the festival is being consumed about five million liters of beer, traditionally sold in one-liter mugs. Fairs called Oktoberfest in Bavaria were not uncommon. Their goal was to use beer from the passing season, before the start of the new brew. The Munich Oktoberfest enjoys more than 200-year tradition. On the occasion of the wedding of Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, the future King of Bavaria and his bride, Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen, which took place on October 12, 1810, they were held on the meadows in front of the city walls (today Theresienwiese ) horse racing. Since Prince Ludwig passion for antiquity competitions were held in the style of the ancient Olympic Games. In the early years of the Munich Oktoberfest was primarily sporty character. Since the event enjoyed great popularity among the inhabitants of the city, the royal court decided to repeat the race a year later at the same time, and so was born the tradition of the Munich Oktoberfest. Due to the involvement of Bavaria in the Napoleonic Wars in 1813 for the first time the festival was abandoned. A break in the tradition also occurred in 1854 and 1873 due to the cholera epidemic in 1866 because of the war and a seven-week 1870 Franco-Prussian war. OLIMPIC GAMES- Are the biggest and most recognised sporting events taking place in summer time (athletics sports) as well as in winter (skiing), which gather participant from all over the world. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games running every four years but two years apart. Ancient Olympic Games The first Olympic Games were held in Olympia in Greece and were played every four years, so in ancient Greece dates Olympics marked the four-year period between successive Olympics. The first documented Olympic Games were held in 776 BC For the duration of the Olympic Games discontinued wars. During the conflict announced peace of God and the war was stopped for two months. For five days lasted games, the rest was allocated to depart and return from the Olympics for spectators and competitors. The first stage of the ceremony, even before the Games begin, was an oath before the statue of Zeus. Raw meat cut into pieces, scattering or decomposed before the statue and each of the participants, along with his father and his brothers took the oath did not commit any fraud on the competition, which confirmed a second oath in which they said they strictly applied the exercise by previous 10 months. Officially received the prize a wreath of twigs of laurel but winner was just one and became famous and in his hometown built monuments in his honor and wrote poems. The wall of the city won the competitor done a hole through which entered the winner greeted by the locals. This meant that the city could not be afraid anymore because it has such a defender. The winner also received material rewards, but not officially given. Over time, in addition to the wreath of olive branches, they obtained money and valuables. Fame have won the whole city and not just winning. Penalties Olympic were very strict. A player who has committed fraud, was forced to put a statue of Zeus, which is inscribed with his name and vice, which he hath sinned. The most popular with fraudsters is Athenian Kalliopos who bribed his would-be opponents. The whole thing came to light. Athenian and others had put monuments for Zeus. Athenians stopped attending the Olympic Games, as the Delphic oracle said that if they start again participate. In the competition they participated wealthy people who could afford to devote the entire year to exercise, then they were only selected athletes. Occurrence naked, because the games can watch only free men. Woman caught in watching the games waiting for the death penalty. There was no team competition. The games were held in honor of the god Zeus. Olympic Games nowadays Present Olympics held since 1896 (Athens), and the winter of 1924 (Chamonix). Modern Olympic Games refer to the tradition of the ancient Greek Olympics. For most athletes the Olympics are regarded as the most important sports and the Olympic gold medal as the most valuable trophy .Exception of this rule are tennis players, cyclists and footballers, but the international federations of these sports are trying to raise the profile of Olympic 3. EMERGENCY ANG GROW OF OLYMPIC GAMES. HISTORY OF OLYMPIC GAMES The modern Olympic Games were celebrate in london, were opened by the Queen Elizabeth II inaugurated the struggles athletes jubilee XXX Summer Olympics. The competition takes place not only for the gold medal, but also for fame and money. The Olympic Games is a huge organizational undertaking and the media, which attracts the attention of millions of people around the world. The history of the Olympic Games and the international Olympic movement is as interesting as the competition athletes. The Olympic Games are derived from ancient Greece. Already in the seventh century BC athletes met once every four years to honor Zeus. Games traditionally played out in Olympia, and competition gathered crowds of locals and visitors from different parts of Hellas. The competition was fought min. in racing, wrestling and chariot races. The winners waited olive twig and a huge celebrity. During the duration of the games announced peace against any conflicts, which is discontinued fights, and even t he death penalty. Unfortunately, with the fall of Greeces Olympic forgotten, and for the next Olympic Games had to wait 1,500 years. The resurrection of the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the Olympic Games took place at the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937). This French thinker, educator, historian and sports activist held numerous trips around the world and sought support for the restoration of referring to the tradition of ancient Greek athletes competing from around the world. CHANGES OVER THE YEARS The organization of the games differed significantly from what we currently see. To honour participation in the Olympic women they were not allowed. They had to wait until 1900 for the Olympics in Paris, where competed in golf and tennis. There also were awarded gold medals. The winner was honored a silver disc, an olive branch and a diploma. Not awarded the prize for third place (according to the tradition of awarding medals contemporary model was launched in 1904, the Olympics in St. Louis). GROWTH OF THE EVENT The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, and a terrorist attack in 1972. Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world. 4. IMPACTS OF BEIJING OLIMPICS GAME IN 2008. NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACT Dismissive of local people- people habited the area had to be resettle to make a way for new developments like new buildings to accommodate visitors and participants as well as make possible to create the proper infrastructure as a part of preparing to the Olympic Game. This situation intensify differences between poor and rich inhabitants of the city. POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT Job creation-preparation for the Olympic Game generated many job opportunities for the local as well as for people from other part of the country and world. Apart from increased number of vacancies related directly to the event, many people found a job in travel sector such as hotels, restaurants, tourists attractions as well as employment related to ensure security due to unusual flow of visitors. NEGATIVE POLITICAL IMPACT Insecurity-because of the volume of the event, the city might be considered as an excellent opportunity for terrorism groups to organise an assassination where many people could lost they lives .Organisations had to keep particular attention to keep all spectators and participants safe during the games and when moving around the city. According to the Chinese security ministry, protestors planned suicide bomb attacks on some Chinese cities and kidnappings in Beijing to disturb the Olympic Games. 5. IDENTIFY ONE INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION RELEVANT TO ONE OF LISTED EVENTS.GIVE DETAILS OF ITS PURPOSE AND THREE BENEFITS TO ITS MEMBERS. The association relevant to T in the park event may be the Association of events Organisers. Their mission statement: AEO is the voice of the event organising community. It serves the collective needs and promotes the interests of the event organisers and the industry at large. The purpose of the AEO is the trade body representing companies which conceive, create, develop or manage trade and consumer events. It is run by its members for the benefit of its members through an elected council of representatives, specialist working groups and a fulltime secretariat. Main benefits of becoming a membership: Members of the AEO benefit from opportunities of which helps them to develop in order to overcome challenges and address issues within the industry The AEO Forums are events which give members a great opportunity for learning different principles related to the day job, delivered by experts both from within and beyond the events industry. Number of AEO Excellence Awards that reward talent such as the Outstanding Contribution to the Industry, Organiser Team of the Year and Unsung Hero awards. Events such as the CEO Summit, International Dinners and annual AEO Conference provide opportunities for senior directors to meet with like-minded individuals and hear from guest speakers on a range of hot topics, developing markets, technologies and growth strategies. If you are a new member, there is an opportunity for senior directors to be mentored by directors in member organisations you aspire to be like in some way, shape or form. The AEO Talent Working Group was set up to share best practice and find solutions to challenges surrounding talent management. This may be training and career development, recruitment concerns, improving skills and cross-functional working practices or discussing equality in the workplace. Members have found that sharing experiences has been extremely beneficial so far. 6. FOUR TRENDS WITHIN THE EVENTS INDUSTRY. Social Medias Social media has made a huge impact on the tourism /events industry. Those industries depend heavily on the use of word-of-mouth to spread opinions and recommendations, and social platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. People eagerly use the social media to find out interesting events and check whats going on in the place of their interest. They also share their personal experiences of particular places they have visited. There was significant growth using TripAdvisor in last decade with 320 million reviews and more than 290 million downloads. Its available in form of website as well as an App and it is bespoke company reaching travellers around the world. (Trip Advisor) In the future with technology evolving all the time, social media will become more popular with travellers when comes to booking holidays. Social medias are applied to all of the above three events from the question 2. Growth in Mobile- It is important for tourism and event industries to be up to date with their travellers and event participants in that matters all websites related to the particular event should turn into mobile friendly and start working closer with Social Medias. Nowadays travellers using their mobiles not only to book their trips and events but also may give their recommendation and opinion of the events they took part in. Industries engaged into the new technological tools allow people for a quick access and make it easier to respond either from potential new customers or the existing ones. This trend will help in the future to target different target markets in quick and efficient way in lowest possible cost. E-meetings and digital collaboration- nowadays people have an access to a wide range of methods which allows us to fast communication. Thanks to availability of technologicalplatform such asUber ,airBnB ,TaskTabbit and HotelWall   companies have possibility to conduct a meeting and discussed the most important issues of the business without spending long hours in journey .E-meetings and digital communication are the excellent way to keep our planet away of air pollution by reducing carbon emissions. Eco friendly-increasingly popularity in waste segregation and using bio-materials will be beneficial for the industry as events in which participate a large number of people generate huge amount of waste which if not properly segregated cause many harmful results like formation of the huge garbage dumps by the failure to carry out recycling, higher prices of materials if recycling is not possible ,increase the amount of cutting the threes by the lack of paper for re preparation, minimalize degradation of the landscape. References History (26.01.2017) Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/olympic-games Safeconcerts (26.01.2017) .Retrieved from http://www.safeconcerts.com/festivals/t-in-the-park/t-in-the-park-history.asp Wikipedia-Olympic Games (28.01.2017) .Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games T in the park (26.01.2017) .Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_in_the_Park Wikipedia-Oktoberfest (28.01.2017 ) Retrieved from http://www.oktoberfest.de/en/ Economic impact ( 28.01.2017 ) Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200686460_Economic_impact_studies_of_Beijing_2008_Olympic_Games Event trends ( 02.02.2017) .Retrieved from https://lessconversationmoreaction.com/2015/01/14/top-10-sustainable-event-trends-for-2020/ Event trends (02.02.2017).Retrieved from http://radar.sustainability.com/annual-trends-report/ Association of Events organisers ( 03.02.2017) .Retrieved from http://www.aeo.org.uk/

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

Capital Punishment Thesis One: In principle a case can be made on moral grounds both supporting and opposing capital punishment. Thesis two: Concretely and in practice, compelling arguments against capital punishment can be made on the basis of its actual administration in our society. Two different cases can be made. One is based on justice and the nature of a moral community. This leads to a defense of capital punishment. The second is based on love and the nature of an ideal spiritual community. This leads to a rejection of capital punishment. JUSTICE AND THE NATURE OF MORAL COMMUNITY A central principle of a just society is that every person has an equal right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Within that framework, an argument for capital punishment can be formulated along the following lines: some acts are so vile and so destructive of community that they invalidate the right of the perpetrator to membership and even to life. A community founded on moral principles has certain requirements. The right to belong to a community is not unconditional. The privilege of living and pursuing the good life in society is not absolute. It may be negated by behavior that undermines the nature of a moral community. The essential basis on which community is built requires each citizen to honor the rightful claims of others. The utter and deliberate denial of life and opportunity to others forfeits ones own claim to continued membership in the community, whose standards have been so flagrantly violated. The preservation of moral community demands that the shattering of the foundation of its existence must be taken with utmost seriousness. The preciousness of life in a moral community must be so highly honored that those who do not honor the life of others make null and void their own right to membership. Those who violate the personhood of others, especially if this is done persistently as a habit must pay the ultimate penalty. This punishment must be inflicted for the sake of maintaining the community whose foundation has been violated. We can debate whether some non-lethal alternative is a fitting substitute for the death penalty. But the standard of judgment is whether the punishment fits the crime and sufficiently honors the nature of moral community. LOVE AND AN IDEAL SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY Agape, Christian love, is unconditional. It does not depend on the worthiness or merit of those to whom it is directed. It is persistent in seeking the good of others regardless of whether they return the favor or even deserve to be treated well on the basis of their own incessant wrongdoing.

love Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Love (l v) n. deep, tender, ineffable feeling of affection and solicitude toward a person, such as that arising from kinship, recognition of attractive qualities, or a sense of underlying oneness. A feeling of intense desire and attraction toward a person with whom one is disposed to make a pair; the emotion of sex and romance. (Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary,  © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc). There are many different definitions of love. To each person it is different, but most agree it is one of the most important emotions to the each creature on this earth. There are also many different forms of love. For instance, love for your family versus love for a mate. It is still a mystery to most people why people do crazy things for love, or why people feel love â€Å"conquers all†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Definitions of love go as far as Greek mythology. For example, the story of Cupid and His mortal Bride Psyche. There are many explanations on how love exactly came to mean what it does. According to John Lee there are 6 different types of love. 1. Erotic love: romantic, sexual irrational, and largely based on physical attraction. 2. Manic love: intense, all consuming, possessive, and fluctuating between joy and despair. 3. Ludic love: egoistic, self-serving, competitive, and based on an unequal relationship between one partner who is highly committed and another who is emotionally uninvolved. 4. Pragm...

Allys Wisdom :: College Admissions Essays

Ally's Wisdom I have baby-sat Ally, a little girl who has mild autism, for the past several years. She used to only speak a few words and sit still only five minutes at a time. Now she is a child who can talk up a storm and sit with me for hours while we enjoy a video. She is cute, funny, bright, and very caring. Like the rest of us, Ally has her ups and downs. There are moments when she is confident and moments when she is feeling a bit confused. She can be serious or delightfully silly. One thing that distinguishes Ally is the tendency to think in very concrete terms. When she was young, we often played the "What is it?" game. I choose an object; she identified it. The light switch was "light on-off," and the doorknob was "door open-close." At first I thought, "That's not what it's called." Then I realized how arbitrary our conventional labels are. Ally identified things for their purpose and function. Even now when I talk to her on the phone and ask, "What are you doing?", she answers "I'm talking to you." I have realized that if I wanted to know what she was doing before she came to the phone, that's what I should have asked. Sometimes we think we are communicating clearly, when what we say can actually be confusing for others. Ally helped me the most when my grandmother died. She knew that I was upset because she could see that I had been crying. When she asked me what was the matter, I told her I was sad because I missed my grandmother. She looked at me and said, "Why don't you try smiling?" At first I thought that her suggestion was foolish, but I have realized the

Chemistry Stpm Essay

A – Structural Questions: Question 1. (a)(i) The presence of isotopes 1M (ii) Let the abundance of 63X be a %. The % abundance of 65X. = ( 100 – a ) 1M Relative atomic mass = ( 62. 93 x a) + ( 64. 93 x ( 100 -a) ) 1M 100 63. 55 = 62. 93a + 6493 -64. 3a 100 6355 = -2a + 6500 a = 69. 0% 1M The % abundance of 65X = 100- 69. 0 = 31. 0 % Relative abundance 63X : 65X 1 : 2 1M (iii) Relative Abundance 63 64 65 Relative mass /m/e 2M SpeciesprotonsneutronsElectrons 20 Ne 10 10 10 10 16O2- 8 8 8 10 2 M The species have same number of electrons or isoelectronic. M —————- 10M 2. (a) (i) H2O2 + 2H+ + 2 I- > 2H2O + I21M (ii) Rate = k [H2O2] [I-]1M (iii) 0. 21M 0. 11M (iv) second order1M (b) (i) 121M (ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2. 1M (iii) +2 , X has two valence electrons2M (iv) X is a better electricity conductor. 1M —————- 10M 3. (a) Atomic size increases, screening effect increases with more inner shells of electrons 1M effective nuclear charge decreases, ionisation energy lowered, valence electrons are more easily removed. 1M (b) i. Be2+ (aq) + 4H2O (l) > [ Be (H2O)4 ]2+ (aq)1M ii. It is acidic, acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid1M The Be2+ ion has a high charge density 1M and can strongly polarise large anions due to its smaller size. 1M The ions of other Group 2 elements have larger sizes and charge densities and weaker polarising power (d)i. platinum and rhodium1M ii. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ? 4NO(g) + 6H2O (g)1M iii. low temperature1M low pressure1M ( Note : The reaction is exothermic reaction. According to le Chatelier principle, a low temperature will favour the formation of NO. For gaseous equilibrium, a decrease in pressure will favour the reaction which produces more gaseous molecules. Thus in the above equilibrium a low pressure will avour the formation of NO. ) ________ 10M 4. (a) i. A is CH3CH2CH2COOH1M B is CH3CH2CH2COCl1M C is CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH 1M ii. butanoyl chloride1M iii. Formation of ester: CH3CH2CH2COCl + CH3CH2OH > CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3 + HCl1M (b) i. H3N+CH2COOH + H2NCH(CH3)COOH > H2NCH2CONHCH(CH3)COOH + H2O1M Glycylalanine1M ( Note: Alanylglycine can also be formed ) ii. The amino group –NH2 which is basic group reacts with hydrochloric acid to form the ammonium chloride salt of alanine1M HOOCCH(CH3)NH2 + HCl > HOOCCH(CH3)NH3+Cl- 1M ___________ 10 M SECTION B – ESSAY 5. (a) (i) Orbitals with the same energy1M Example : 2p or 3d s orbitals1M ii) Nitrogen atom has 7 electrons 1M Fill 1s orbital with 2 electrons1M Fill 2s orbital with 2 electrons1M Fill 2px,2py and 2pz orbitals with 3 electrons1M / 6 1M (b) Fe 2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 1M Fe 3+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 1M In terms of electronic configuration, Fe 3+ is more stable than Fe 2+ 1M Because it has half-filled 3d orbital which is more stable1M. / 4 (c ) The valence electronic configu ration of the electrons for nitrogen atom is 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz11M Nitrogen atom uses sp3 hybrid orbitals for forming covalent bonds between N and H atoms. Energy 2p sp3 hybrid porbitals N(ground state) 1M In sp3 hybrid orbitals of nitrogen atom,one of the orbitals Is occupied by a lone pair of electrons and three sp3 orbitals are half filled 1M Each N-H atom is formed by the overlapping of the s orbital of hydrogen atom with one of the half filled sp3 orbitals to give the ammonia molecule 1M Diagram of the bond formation in NH3 molecule. M /. 5 ——————- Total : 15 M 6. (a) Dyanamic equilibrium †¦. a reversible reaction , in a closed system forward and backward reactions have the same rate of reaction. 2M (b) (i) N2O4 – 2NO2 Kc = [NO2] 2 = [0. 12] 2 [N2O4] [0. 04] = 0. 36 mol dm-3 5M (ii) Using PV =nRT where n = 0. 12 +0. 04 = 0. 16 mol P = 0. 16 (8. 31) (383) 10 -3 = 509. 24 kPa. 3M (c) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) – at low temperatures, % NH3 is higher – forward reaction is exothermic equilibrium position shifts to the right at higher temperature -forward reaction is accompa nied by a reduction in volume of gas -at higher pressures, equilibrium position shifts to the right -at high pressures, % NH3 is higher5M ————— Total : 15M No. 7 (a)(i) Aluminium metal is extracted by electrolysis The electrolyte is molten bauxite in sodium hexafluoroaluminate. The electroyte has aluminium ion and oxide ions. Anode : 2O2- — > O2 + 4e Cathode : Al3+ + 3e — > Al5M (ii) (Any 2 points) light Resistant to corrosion Strong alloy2M `(b)aluminium : A giant metallic structure, strong metallic bonf. Silicon : giant 3 D covalent structure. Strong covalent bond between silicon atomes. higher melting point Phosphorus and sulphur – Both are simple molecules. Weak van der waals between molecules Sulphur has a stronger intermolecular forces – S8 larger than P48M No 8. (a) chlorine – strong oxidation agent Bromide is oxidized to bromine E ° of chlorine is more positive than that of bromine. Cl2 + 2Br- —- > 2Cl- + Br24M (b)iodine forms triodes complex in KI. I2 + I- —- > I3- Iodine does not form any complex ions in water. I2 + 2H2O — > I- ¬ + HIO + H3O+4M (c)HCl is released in cold acid NaCl + H2SO4 a NaHSO4 + HCl If heated more HCl released. NaHSO4 + NaCl -a Na2SO4 + HCl4M (d) Iodide is oxidized to iodine Purple Iodine is released Pungent smell of H2S is detected3M ————– Total : 15M 9. ( a ) ( i ) order : W, Y, X W, Y, X act as Lewis bases. X is the strongest base because ethyl group is an electron donor by inductive effect. Y is more basic than W because the lone pair electron on the N atom is not delocalised. W is less basic than Y because the lone pair electron on the N atom is delocalised into the benzene ring. M ( ii ) pKb value > 9. 39 Z is a weaker base than W. Presence of Cl – an electron withdrawing group reduces the donating potential of lone pair electron on the N atom through inductive effect. 4M ( b ) Concentated H2SO4 and HNO3. , 550C Mechanism: HNO3 + H2SO4 NO2+ + HSO4– + H2O NO2+ is an electrophile. H + NO2+ NO2 H NO2 + HSO4– –NO2 + H2SO4 + HNO3 –NO2 + H2O 6M Total : 15 marks 0 . ( a ) ( i ) Terylene/Dacron ~~~~O – CH2 – CH2 – O – C – –C – O – CH2 – CH2 – O – C – –C~~~~ 3M || || || || O O O O ( ii ) Condensation polymerisation To make cloth/sleeping bags, etc 2M ( b ) ( i ) K: functional group : -OH isomers : CH3CH2CH2OH and CH3CHCH3OH arm isomers separately with alkaline iodine, CH3CHCH3OH gives a yellow precipitate but CH3CH2CH2OH does not. CH3CH2CH2OH + 4I2 + 6OH– CHI3 + 5I– + 5H2O + CH3COO– 5M (ii ) L : functional group : ? C = O | Isomers : CH3CH2CHO and CH3COCH3 warm isomers separately with Tollen’s reagent. CH3CH2CHO gives a silver mirror but CH3COCH3 does not. CH3CH2CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]2+ + OH– CH3CH2COO– + 2Ag + 2NH4+ + 2NH3 5M Note: Can also accept other suitable chemical test. Total : 15 marks

Importance of reflective practice Essay

A load of research has been done on learning and reflective practice and its effectiveness on the practitioners and one of the first people to research reflective Practice was Donald Schon in his book â€Å"The Reflective Practitioner† in 1983. Schon was an influential writer on reflection and had two main ways of identifying reflection and they were reflection in action and reflection on action. â€Å"The practitioner allows himself to experience surprise, puzzlement, or confusion in a situation which he finds uncertain or unique. He reflects on the phenomenon before him, and on the prior understandings which have been implicit in his behaviour. He carries out an experiment which serves to generate both a new understanding of the phenomenon and a change in the situation†. (Schon 1983) Reflective practice has been described as ‘paying critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively. This leads to developmental insight’. (www.wikipedia.org, 3rd Jan 2011). Reflection is an important part of the learning process and is needed for effective learning. Reflection is a form of self-awareness and learners that can reflect are better able to understand themselves and the learning process. Reflection can help us control over our own learning and achievements. Reflection leads to learning from experience and outlines strengths and weaknesses; by completing action plans to work on weaknesses will lead to continued learning and improvement. Rogers (1996,) states â€Å"Reflection on experience to action forms a large part of the learning process†. The process of reflection helps the practitioner to assess, understand and gain knowledge through experience leading to poten tial improvement and change. This is a positive process that lets me go over and examine and then evaluate so I can develop as a learner and a youth worker. The ability to reflect on practice helps me to consider my needs and then I plan to meet those needs so I can develop my innovative and learning skills. To assist the learning process, reflection can be a powerful tool to help identify strengths and weaknesses. To develop new skills as a learner I must reflect upon experience to access my own performances and plan for my future needs. Reece and Walker (2000, p.7) states â€Å"What is not so natural but very important is that reflection takes place to ensure learning from experience takes place†. To reflect upon  my own experiences and to develop my own needs I have evaluated as a learner and as a youth worker. First I must identify my own preferred learning style as everyone learns in different ways. There are many ways to establish your preferred way of learning and as supported by Reece and Walker (2000, p.9) â€Å"All students are individuals and no two students learn the same way†. It is important to indicate my l earning style in order for me to achieve my highest potential. To identify my learning style will outline my strengths and weaknesses. Rogers (1996, p.116) states that â€Å"Learning takes place in a number of different domains and different strategies are called into play to cope with different types of learning†. Identifying my strengths and weaknesses is important so that I can reflect on the outcome and then improve my skills† Kolb (1984) provides one of the most useful descriptive models available of the adult learning process. He suggests that there are four stages in learning which follow on from each other. Concrete experience is followed by reflection on the experience on a personal basis. This may then be followed by the application of general rules describing the experience, or the application of known theory to it and hence to the experimentation, leading in turn to the next concrete experience. All this may happen in a flash, overnight, over days, or over weeks and months, depending on the topic, and there may be a wheel within wheels process at the same time. (http://www.learningandteachin g.info/learning/experience.htm) By reviewing my progress and continuing to aim at my targets I am progressing through the learning cycle, which is important for me to improve on my self-assessing from experience, reflection, learning styles and development of skills. As I am relatively new to this area of work it is also important to reflect as a youth worker in order for me to be effective and capable within my job. It is necessary for me to reflect on my experiences so far from the year and a half I have spent in college and it’s important for me to continually highlight areas for development while I am on placement. First I must identify the strengths and skills I have acquired and then to plan my development needs. My role requires me develop plans to suit the service users; I feel my current qualifications and experience will develop after my placement. I also feel it is essential to enhance my current knowledge of youth and community work and monitor my progress. I think the important thing to remember is that I am reflecting for my own  development. Learning from class mates and lectures has also been an important method for change in professional practice. Current educational work in this area emphasises the need for safe learning frameworks where the voices of learners and professionals can be really heard and personally responded to. This has brought mutual learning and benefits for the professional and learners’ experience. (Taylor 2009) I feel that talking and thinking together about what is going on can make a big difference to my experience on placement and in the learning environment. Reflection is a way that I can make sense of experiences I have had, either with service users and/or colleagues. When I reflect I begin to make out the main points in detail of an experience, what it tells me about my own skills, why it happens perhaps, what I did well and a plan for what I might do differently in future. Reflective practice involves thinking about how I preformed and analyse my actions with the aim of improving professional practice. I reflect to identify learning needs; this is that we may not meet the needs of our clients’ needs due to poor knowledge base. Reflective practice also helps identify new opportunities for learning. Identify ways in which we learn best, personal development professional development. It helps us be aware not to get into a set routine, for every clients case is different to the next. Develops awareness of consequences of our actions for example what we say in response to a client may make the situation worse. Regular reflection helps us build theory and most of all it allows us to access what worked well and what doesn’t work well, and to learn from our mistakes and successes. Critically reflective practice is important for the student on work practice. If a student did not use critical reflection while on practice placement one would have ba d quality of practice. Critically reflective practice looks beliefs and assumptions one may have that they did not know of. This is important on practice placement as it deals with discrimination. Racism, sexism, and ageism. It is also important for students as it helps one become more self-aware, on the grounds of a social and political context. It is important as it ‘tunes in’ the student to issues clients face, provides answers and solutions. (The critically reflective, 2008). Reflective practice is important on work placement for  many reasons. The adaption of a reflective approach helps the development of a professional. Continuous professional development is adapting an approach in which the person uses their creativeness, and also uses a critical eye. (People’s skills, 2009). Reflective practice is also important as the student can use professional accountability during practice placement. This means workers are accountable for their decisions. They are responsible. Practitioners need theory to back up their decisions and choices. They make and also justify them. Professional accountability requires theory based arguments to account for the practitioner’s action. Inappropriate responses are consequences of not using reflective practice properly. Inappropriate responses cannot be used using ‘common sense’, as it may cause misinterpretations. Inappropriate responses also increase the chances of the practitioner to react in a way that does not help the client in any aspect. It also worsens the situation. Reflective practice consists of a proactive approach, and using theory and ones knowledge as a framework for effectiveness. Reflective practice is important for the student on practice placement for these reasons. (People’s skills, 2009). In conclusion, I found the importance of critical and reflection in any practice and it is an approach to professional practice that emphasizes the need for practitioners to avoid standardised, formula responses to the situations they encounter. Reflection is a window through which the practitioner can view and focus self within the context of their own lived experience. References Thompson N. â€Å"People Skills second edition† Hampshire and 175 Fifth Avenue New York, Palgrave Macmillan (2002) Thompson S. & Thompson N. â€Å"The Critically Reflective Practitioner† Hampshire and 175 Fifth Avenue New York, Palgrave Macmillan (2008) Redmond, Bairbre. (2004) Reflection in Action Developing Reflective Practice in Health and Social Services. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Share, P. & Lalor, K. (2009) Applied Social Care (2nd Ed). Dublin: Gill & Macmillan http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/experience.htm http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-schon.htm http://www.itslifejimbutnotasweknowit.org.uk/files/whatisreflectivepractice.pdf