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Traits of Winston and Julia from 1984 - 940 Words

The Traits of Winston and Julia from Orwell’s 1984 Throughout one’s life, there are people whose similar and contrasting personalities help one to learn more about themselves. In George Orwell’s 1984, Orwell demonstrates a character foil between the protagonist Winston and his love-interest Julia. Although Winston and Julia’s views on life, and the Party are different, they are similar in their hopes to rebel against the Party, leading to their overall downfall and doomed relationship. Throughout 1984, Orwell contrasts Winston and Julia’s views on life. Winston is concerned with the future of Oceania. He analyzes all hope for the future and finds that it lies in the Proles. He begins to see beauty in everything†¦show more content†¦Winston rebels by keeping a secret diary in which he writes messages against the Party and his hopes for the future. He eventually devotes his life to the Brotherhood and commits thoughtcrimes against the Party. This is shown when Winston writes, â€Å"DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER†. His thoughtcrime focuses on the downfall of the Party and the end of totalitarianism. One sees that both characters aim to rebel against the Party, while Julia rebels on a personal level, only doing so from the waist down and Winston commits his crimes by hoping to make an impact on the Party and change for the future. In conclusion, Winston and Julia’s relationship is formed through their similar need to rebel against the Party, while their different views on the Party and life strengthens the particular character Orwell portrays them to be. Although both characters chose to rebel, they each do it in a different way. Winston finds beauty and appreciation in freedom , while Julia is blinded by her own needs. As well Julia lives in the moment while Winston is constantly remembering his past. The personality traits of a person can depict their future, including t heir achievements and downfalls. Work Cited Orwell, George. 1984. London: Penguin Books, 1990.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1205 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s novel, 1984 in which the protagonist, Winston possesses critical features of a rebel. The rebellious personality of Winston is first introduced to the reader through his thoughtcrime’s. This trait is also distinctly seen through the doubts he has towards the governing party. Finally, the characteristic of rebellion is also successfully shown through Winston’s desire for happiness. It is evident that through the novel 1984, Winston is a rebellious character. Winston commits thoughtcrime’sRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Galvanized As Much Attention On The Future Of Humanity1218 Words   |  5 PagesOrwell s 1984. In 1984, Orwell presents a bleak, brutally efficient apparatus that owes its existence to the unceasing oppression of the masses. Against this force, Winston Smith and his lover Julia are deviants desiring pleasure and free thought. This relationship between Julia and Winston is particularly vital to the novel s success. Specifically, Julia is the crucial piece in the novel. Julia presents a contrast to the rigid demands, morals, and purity of Big Brother. Furthermore, Julia enhancesRead MoreGeorge Orwell 1984 Anaylsis776 Words   |  4 PagesPart of being human is a search to find someone who you share a personal bond with through physical attraction and similar interests and personality traits. Once this type of relationship is found both of the people involved grow together formulating opinions on certain topics learning fr om each other and sharing an outlook on life that is altogether their own. If a person does not know who they are and has no freedom to find out then he will never know what to look for in a partner. Intimate relationshipsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell930 Words   |  4 Pages The book 1984 was filled with constant rebellion from one individual known as Winston Smith who does not believe in the â€Å"Party† and would much rather join the â€Å"Brotherhood† where he can oppose the Party. While in Divergent, Beatrice Prior is loyal and compliant with her government until she learns that she is a rare type of human known as a divergent and poses a threat to her government. These two stories while incredibly different have many similarities as well. Both stories are about people tryingRead MoreConformity And Love In George Orwells 19841344 Words   |  6 PagesConformity and Love in 1984 The ability to love is possibly one of the most recurring aspects of humanity. Everyday people fall in and out of love with each other s personalities, opinions and lifestyle choices. In his novel 1984, George Orwell depicts a dystopian, loveless society. The technology, newspeak, and doublethink force conformity on Oceania, the setting of the book. The lack of diversity in people creates a world, where there isn’t any reason to love anyone else. Family relationshipsRead MoreEssay on Democracy Versus Totalitarianism in George Orwells 19842085 Words   |  9 PagesDemocracy Versus Totalitarianism in George Orwells 1984 Winston Smith lived in a world of lies, chaos, and disorder. His uniform was shabby and living space cold and dirty. Changing the past to suit the present was his job where he worked, the Ministry of Truth. One day, he encountered a beautiful young woman of about 26 years of age and instantly fell in love. Little did he know that she would be the one who would end his life. He dreams of sleeping with her but fears that he would be capturedRead More1984 Dystopian Setting Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics. 1984 by George Orwell is recognized as a dystopian novel that takes place in a futuristic country called Oceania. This society is at non-stop war and experiences spontaneous bombings along with poor living conditions. The novel begins as Winston Smith scribbles down in his journal, â€Å"DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER†. Due to the â€Å"rules† in this society no acts against the party will be tolerated, resulting in consequences for Winston if anyone were to discover his journal (18-20). Winston falls forRead MoreWinston Doomed to Fail?1175 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Winston: A Character Doomed to Fail Failure, a concept most people are familiar of, often refers to the inability to perform a particular action or finish a certain task. In the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the protagonist Winston Smith dreams to overthrow â€Å"The Party† and live in â€Å"the place without darkness†. However, he suffered the fate of being tortured and brainwashed eventually. Many readers perceive Winston as a tragic hero who valiantly tries but fails to rebel against the â€Å"Big Brother†Read MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Down With Big Brother 1387 Words   |  6 PagesApril 4, 1984, is the date that he wrote at the top of a diary. Put in another way, this was when he decided to rise in revolt against the Big Brother. Though a little defiance, he aimed to keep a diary not for himself, but for the future. Moreover, his attempts were never portrayed for the sake of his ambitions toward power. He wrote down, â€Å"Down with Big Brother.† This determined, bold declaratio n indicates that his diary would become the repository for everyone who has rebellious thoughts likeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By Winston Smith2218 Words   |  9 Pages1984: A Summary As 1984 opens, Winston Smith is coming home from his job at the Ministry of Truth, providing the reader with a view of the world around him as he walks to his house. After his arrival, he reveals a diary he had brought from a small store and proceeds to write in it, though he knows that revealing his thoughts in such a manner was likely to get him killed. However, despite the heightened threat in his small betrayal, life proceeds as seems to be normal for Winston. He goes to his

The Joshua Tree by U2 free essay sample

U2 is an Irish rock band that formed in 1976. Their lyrics often have spiritual and personal themes. The Joshua Tree was their fifth album, and it was released in 1987. It was a very popular album, and according to Rolling Stone, this album turned the band from â€Å"heroes to superstars.† The songs on this album all start uniquely. After listening to the album a few times, it’s easy to identify each song just by the opening. Most of the songs start out softly, but then reach a climax of intensity. All of the songs have a good beat. This is a very well made album The Joshua tree is a tree located in the Mojave Desert. The tree gets its name from Mormon pioneers, who named it after the biblical prophet, Joshua, as the tree looked like it was praying. U2 liked this spiritual background, and this spirituality continues throughout the album in their lyrics. We will write a custom essay sample on The Joshua Tree by U2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Part of the album is about being spiritual in the world. In particular I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For shows the feeling of spiritual doubt. Another reason that the Joshua tree was used was because it is tough and hardy, and could survive in a bad world; much of the music is about this, getting through tough times. This album, which came out in 1987, shows a dark world, and how we can live with it. Many of the songs show views on the politics of the world, with a most of it about America. One of the provisional titles was The Two Americas, referring to the mythical â€Å"promised land,† the American Dream, and the realistic one, a place that shows a lot ruthlessness, in the eyes of the band. U2, an Irish band, had done a lot of touring in the US, and had started to love the land, the wide open spaces, mountains, and deserts; on the other hand, about the politics, Bono, the lead singer, said â€Å"I then had to deal with America and the way it was aff ecting me, because America’s having such an effect on the world at the moment. On this record I had to deal with it on a political level for the first time, if in a subtle way.† In 1987, U2 created one of the world’s best selling albums. It’s very good, and even though it’s nearly 27 years old, it still applies to our world today. It can be a bit depressing, as it’s talking about the darkness of our society, but that is needed sometimes in music. I think it’s definitely worth a listen.

Effective Business Communication Communication Skills at Workplace

Question: Discuss about the Effective Business Communication forCommunication Skills at Workplace. Answer: Introduction: Before I start with the training session let me ask you all some basic questions with regards the same. Have you all ever felt that what you intended to communicated has not been done? Or have any one of us ever found ourselves in a state wherein there is language barriers? Well the main reason behind the same is lack of good communication skills in written form as it is then that usage of words matter the most. Communication, the most essential skill that a person should possess for becoming successful in any field whether personal or professional. For a person to be successful at his workplace, he should make efforts to communicate in the most apt manner which would automatically draw the attention of the listeners. Let us take the example of the President of USA Barack Obama who is presently rated as the best orator. It is his communicative skill which drives the masses and enabled him to take the country out of the great depression in 2009. Communication is what matters the most as the style determines a persons confidence, passion and zeal to work. Of course we should not communicate what we do not believe. Well, I am sure that all of us are aware of the meaning of communication and also may consider ourselves to be good communicators. But good communication does not always mean verbal. Written communication is of utmost importance at our workplace and it is here that the usage of words plays a very dominant role. Today we have all gathered here to improvise our written communication skills as this acts as an evidence at times of dispute. Thus while exercising words in any written document basic care and diligence is necessary. I stand here today to conduct a training on how can we improve our written communication skills. I have conducted several training sessions across the city and have found various issues which people face and today I am here to resolve al the problems that you all face while communicating to people in written form (Conrad, 2015). Writing of emails and letters, drafting of reports and tenders all need vigilance. We all sitting here should know that even reply to an email or a letter is communication. A simple ok in written message is also a form of communication which may be turning point for the organization (Santoriello, 2015). My main points of discussion which I would talk about today are: How to deal with the struggle to communicate message when we are not face to face with the other person Understanding the audience to whom we need to communicate and what format would suit the best to communicate. Written form of communication needs the attention to shift towards the grammar being used and the same should be proof read before further communication. Let us divide this into some smaller points to make it easier for all of us to understand. Transition:Successful Transmission of Ideas Struggle to communicate message: Verbal communication seems to be very easy to most us simply because it enables to read a persons face, voice tone and language. Also cross questioning can be done at the same hour thus enabling us to achieve better clarity. Thus it is very important for us to understand how to write an effective email or letter which is clear and unambiguous in nature. The struggle to communicate a message arrives due to an issue of clarity of thoughts. The data may contain all that is asked for but the way the same is written may end up defeating the entire crux. Written communication is a jargon for all of us also because we generally end up confusing ourselves with regards the flow of information. This also leads to struggling with understanding the message (Lewis, 2015). For example words used should be such that are polite yet curt enough to get the message across. Transition: Connect with Audience Audience and format of communication: Another important criterion that we must fulfil while communicating in the written format is the target audience and the format we chose to communicate our data. Audience: It is very important for us to understand to whom are we to send an email or report. For example if the target audience if is your superior then communication should be formal in nature. Whereas if an email is to be written to an external person then usage of more polite words is the need of the hour. Format: Written communication is also of varied nature. It can be an email if communication is to be made to an outside agency or within an organization in a more informal manner. If a report is to be submitted then the communication is formal in nature (Mindtools.com. 2013). Transition: Grammar and Sequencing of Written Document Grammar and proofing: I am sure now we are all aware of the various forms of effective written communication but we should also understand that grammatical errors should be avoided and proof reading is a must. Grammar: We are all professionals who have degrees from renowned schools, grammatical errors are seen as silly mistakes which make us look unprofessional. Proofing: Command over the communication language is not enough for a person to be called a professional. We should also have the ability to do proof reading of our document before final submission(Florence, 2014). Transition: Concluding the Present Session These are just a few of the basic skills that one should possess or at least inculcate within so as to ensure written communication is effective. It is very important for us to know that clarity in thoughts if only restricted in our minds can be very dangerous for you as well as the organizations health. All of us here should read and draft our letters and emails with utmost diligence so that mistakes which are written down can be avoided as these generally take the role of evidence in case of any legal proceedings or conflicts (Hosking, 2014). Thus I would like all of you to try to improvise your personal skills of communication and work upon the writing skills as it is we who are the face of the organization for the outsiders. We are the ones who ensure that the organizations goodwill and reputation is maintained intact. Our responsibility is not only to perform and work efficiently, we are also responsible for communicating effectively. One misbelieve we all have in our minds is that usage of difficult words can prove the knowledge base of an employee but the same is a misconception. Simple English which is clear and concise is welcomed rather than ambiguous and confusing words. Thus from today we will ensure that written communication is as effective as our verbal communication is. Simplicity is better rated than complexity in your views and communication. References: Conrad, B. (2015). How to Have Strong Oral and Written Communication Skills in the Workplace. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/strong-oral-written-communication-skills-workplace-21378.html Florence, N.G. (2014). Communication skills in the Workplace : How to Get your Point Across at Work?. Retrieved from https://blog.udemy.com/communication-skills-in-the-workplace/ Hosking, R. (2014). Why Good Writing Skills Are Important in Todays Workplace and Tips for Developing them. Retrieved from https://executivesecretary.com/why-good-writing-skills-are-important-in-todays-workplace-and-tips-for-developing-them/ Lewis, M. (2015). 10 Tips to Develop Effective workplace Communication Skills. Retrieved from https://www.moneycrashers.com/effective-workplace-communication-skills/ Mindtools.com. (2013). Writing Effective Emails . Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/EmailCommunication.htm Santoriello, A. (2015). Helping Employees Get it Write- Promoting Workplace Writing Skills. Retrieved from https://www.skilledup.com/insights/helping-employees-get-it-write-promoting-workplace-writing-skills

Charles Manson Essays (2843 words) - Manson Family, Paul Watkins

Charles Manson Charles Manson is known as one of the most sinister and evil criminals of all time. He organized the murders that shocked the world and his name still strikes fear into American hearts. Mansons childhood, personality, and uncanny ability to control people led to the creation of a family-like cult and ultimately to the bloody murders of numerous innocent people. Charles M. Manson was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on November 11, 1934. His mother, Kathleen Maddox, was a teenage prostitute. Mansons father walked out on the still pregnant Maddox, never to be seen again. In order to give her bastard son a name, Ms. Maddox married William Manson. He soon abandoned the both of them. Mansons mother often neglected Charles after her husband left her. She tried to put him into a foster home, but the arrangements fell through. As a last resort she sent Charles to school in Terre Haute, Indiana. Mrs. Manson failed to make the payments for the school and once again Charles was sent back to his mothers abuse. At only fourteen, Manson left his mother and rented a room for himself. He supported himself with odd jobs and petty theft. His mother turned him into the juvenile authorities, who had him sent to Boys Town, a juvenile detention center, near Omaha, Nebraska. Charles spent a total of three days in Boys Town before running away. He was arrested in Peoria, Illinois for robbing a grocery store and was then sent to the Indiana Boys School in Plainfield, Indiana, where he ran away another eighteen times before he was caught and sent to the National Training School for Boys in Washington D.C. Manson never had a place to call home or a real family. He spent his childhood being sent from one place to another, and trouble always seemed to follow him. His mothers negligence left Manson without a home and without much of a future. Manson turned to crime to support himself, and he soon became very good at it. When just a child, he became a criminal and spent his last years of childhood in a correctional facility. After his release from the training school in 1954, a new period of Mansons life began. He went to West Virginia and soon married a girl named Rosalie Jean Willis. She became pregnant and Manson had a child. This was Mansons first real family, but he didnt stray from the criminal lifestyle. He started stealing cars to make the money necessary to support his new family. By the time the baby was born, Manson was in prison on Grand Theft Auto charges. In 1958 Charles was released from prison. His wife and child had left him, leaving Charles alone once again. Several arrests for car theft and pimping followed; in 1960 Charles was given ten years imprisonment for forging government checks. While he was serving his ten year sentence at McNeil Penitentiary, he studied philosophy, took up guitar, and taught himself sing and compose songs. His newfound musical skills would later attract followers. His study of philosophy helped create some of his outlandish ideas that later appealed to his would-be followers. Manson was released in March, 1967 after serving seven years. By the time Manson was thirty-two years old, he had spent seventeen years, more than half of his life, in prison. This long stretch of incarceration had left its mark. If Charlie has any roots, theyre in the penal system, 1 said one acquaintance. Inside, you have to be aware of everything, and when he came out, Charlie was like a cat. Nothing got by Charlie if something happened within a hundred miles of him, he made sure he knew about it. Everytime he came into a room, he cased it, like an animal. Where were the windows? What was the quickest way out? He never sat with his back to the door. Soon after his release, Manson traveled to Haight Ashbury, where the hippie movement was in full force. At this time, hippies were gentle people, believing in peace, love, and sharing with others. This was a perfect environment for Manson to gain followers. Mansons probation officer remembers he was shaken by the friendliness of the hippies, but before

Aims and Objectives-Environmental Education Essays

Aims and Objectives-Environmental Education Essays Aims and Objectives-Environmental Education Paper Aims and Objectives-Environmental Education Paper Objectives of Environmental Education Laid against an ecological format, the information gleaned through the study of all these varied disciplines gives us a holistic view of the environment for sustaining life On earth on an infinite time scale. The unlimited exploitation of nature (environment) by mankind for the sake of development has threatened the sun. vial of not just human beings but also all other living organisms. The number of living species has decreased, a large number are threatened, and many are even extinct. Human beings too, are suffering from various health problems. Today India is one of the top 10 industrialized countries in the world and the ever-increasing elution levels in its environment are affecting all living organisms. People around the world are enjoying economic growth at the cost of quality of human life. So the need of the hour is to save our environment by following a suitable developmental policy. This necessitates the knowledge of our environment, its components and the different issues affecting the environment. Education for environmental awareness is required not only for environmental scientists, engineers, policymakers or Nags, but also for every one of us. Only environmental study can make us conscious and careful bout the environment. Environmental education is aimed at developing environmental ethics in people. It teaches them the importance of conservation of life and biodiversity of the environment. Environmental study also teaches people to understand their role in the environment and learn to live with limited natural resources so as to avoid future disasters. The casual attitude of human beings towards the environment and its conservation is the root cause of all environmental problems. Therefore, proper education and public awareness are necessary to tackle environmental problems. Towards this end, environmental studies will provide sufficient knowledge about the philosophy, genesis and consequences of local and global environmental problems and the necessary knowledge for their abatement and control. Thus, for a sustainable environment and for the survival of the present and future generations, environmental education is necessary.

Religious Rights of Women in Islam with Common Misconceptions of Research Paper

Religious Rights of Women in Islam with Common Misconceptions of Islamic Women in Western Culture - Research Paper Example In Islamic nations, and according to Sharia law, these have been conserved in a bid to empower women despite having secular western laws. As for marriage, women can either agree or refuse to marry, and the man has a responsibility to be the protectors of their wives according to the Islamic laws. Western laws have infiltrated most aspects of rights about criminal, financial and criminal law. Therefore, women have retained personal rights on a number of crucial issues that affect them. Islam, according to the Quran, advocates equality of both man and woman as God’s creations and grants women several rights that include the right to inherit property and own it. It also provides for women to be recognized as individuals with a legal personality unlike thoughts of Islamic women in the western world (Hashmi 591). This is because  the western world’s has  misconceptions of Islamic women being slaves to men in their households are greatly contradicted. However, Islamic wom en have a degree of inequality to men according to Quranic provisions that are followed in the Islamic world. The Islamic world allows for a patriarchy society where men are the leaders and are regarded as the financial providers. Moreover, Islamic religion stipulates that inheritance of women to be half of that which men receive from their parents (Hashmi 591). Thus, the misconceptions towards Islamic women in the western culture to a certain degree are justified, as the rights of women in Islam are sometimes discriminatory. In addition,  women are considered to be worth less than men; this is evident concerning bearing witness, where only the testimony of two men can hold against that of a single woman (Hashmi 592). This proves how much the religious rights of Islamic women are used against them. In western culture, Islamic women are viewed as oppressed and have no say in issues that affect them in the society. To many, this may be viewed as a misconception by the west whereas i t has a degree of truth in it. This is because those who understand the Islamic religion argue that inequality in gender issues is deeply rooted in Islamic religious literature. Moreover, rights movements are seen as products from the west and are considered secular and to have no effect in Islamic society. Therefore, Islamic women who participate in rights advocacy perceive themselves as facing oppression from their own religious beliefs; hence, they are alienated from the society.   However, there are groups of Islamic women who attempt to rewrite the religious rights granted to them by the same Islamic faith they profess (El-Mahdi 380). This is in a bid to have â€Å"normal† human rights applied to them similar to men; in addition, religion is taking a big part in influencing politics, therefore, affecting the religious rights of Islamic women. For example, Islamism is gaining ground in social politics, which, in turn, subordinates women’s rights in society concer ning political safety and legitimacy (El-Mahdi 382). Thus, Islamic women have enjoyed religious rights for a long period especially during colonization when secularization had allowed women to campaign for their rights, and for them be involved in the control of the patriarchal society (El-Mahdi 383). This was due to the weakening of the religious hierarchy and rise of secular institutions. In Islamic societies, Islamic religion does not bar or hinder the

History of the hologram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of the hologram - Essay Example Bassov and A. Prokhorov and American scientist Charles Towns, in 1960 (Johnston). Later on, the laser, producing a high level of coherent light source, was used in 1962 in Gabor’s experiment, and the scientists, Emmett Leith and Juris Upatnieks, produced a transmission hologram with a bird and toy train. It was a three dimensional hologram, which could only be seen with a laser. A reflection hologram was produced in the same year by Uri N. Denisyuk, to view which ordinary light was used instead of the laser beam. However, in 1968, Stephen A. Benton produced a transmission hologram which could be viewed in ordinary light like that of a bulb. Hence, the production of embossed holograms started on a massive scale. In 1972, a moving hologram was produced by Lloyd Cross, in which he marked sequential streams of moving objects onto a holographic film instead of the conventional picture film. Hence, the history of hologram starts back from

JUDICIARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

JUDICIARY - Essay Example This is the democratic principle enshrined in the Constitution, the rule of law to prevent the tyranny and also maintain law and order. To achieve this end, the three foundations of a justice system are the police for the enforcement function, the criminal justice system for court trials, and finally, the corrections or the prison system to incarcerate and rehabilitate those convicted of crimes against society. Members of the criminal justice system, such as the prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges or justices must at all times implement and interpret the law with probity, fairness, justice, equality, and solidarity in the pursuit of human rights protection for all, exercise their function without fear or favor. All the said members must act in an ethical manner at all times, free from any corruption, and not influenced by any consideration except morals B. Discussion The judiciary performs its functions with the utmost fairness and equality; how judges must implement or interp ret the law without any influence or pressure from anybody, so that citizens will have faith and trust in their justice system, as their supreme protector against oppression by powerful individuals or influential pressure groups. However, it is also faced with a number of problems or issues it must address so it can carry out its mandate adequately. 1. Judicial ethics – members of the judiciary are brought to a higher standard than other people, they being expected to uphold the law at all times so people will also respect the law. The foundation of law is based on the validity of civil ethics within pluralism (Cortina, 2000). a. Solemn oath – this is a reminder to always stick to the straight and narrow path, despite temptations along the way in performance of duties. Corruption has been a bane, because people tend to accept bribes or other considerations of value (Montinola & Jackman, 2002). b. Sanctions – the judiciary does not take too kindly to its erring m embers and imposes a variety of measures such as fines, suspensions, disbarment, and even imprisonment. c. Code of conduct – members of the judiciary have to be careful in their actions at all times, to uphold the integrity and independence of the judicial branch of government. Standards are contained in the judicial canons issued by the Supreme Court, to include such matters as the avoidance of any impropriety, or even just the mere appearance of impropriety, and to avoid any partisan political activity at all times, such as campaigning for a particular party or candidate. It is a co-equal branch and must exercise its independence always (Fox & Stephenson, 2011). 2. Why people commit crimes – there will always be deviants in any society. Why these people commit crimes despite the certainty of punishment made sociologists offer their theories. a. Anomie theory – this was introduced by eminent French sociologist Emile Durkheim, in his book The Division of Labor i n Society published back in 1893, which explains the modern phenomenon of deviance, resulting from feelings of inadequacy and ambiguity, coming from the industrialization of society, causing normlessness from loss of values and traditions (Franzese, 2009); anomie views criminals as victims of society, unable to cope, and not as mere deviants. b. Strain theory –

Examples of Displacement in Literature

Examples of Displacement in Literature Place and displacement are always featured in post-colonial writings, whether its Derek Walcotts poem A far cry from Africa or powerful novels for example Heart of Darkness. This feature opens up a broader concept where post-colonial crisis of individuality comes into reality. When a novel carries elements of place and displacement, the theme of alienation is always reflected, this originates from a sense of displacement. The sense of displacement may have derived from migration, enslavement or even alterity which may be put forward by similarities or differences between different cultures. This concept was heavily reflected in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Season of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih. Both writers seem to be telling a tale about colonisation with their own interpretation of different experiences. Salihs novel revolves around the story of brilliant Mustafa Saeed, the novel indicates journey to the heart of light. Whereas, Conrads novel is a complete rever sal to Kurtzs journey to Congo and connotes a journey to heart of darkness. Both novels focus on geographical locations which have in some way shaped the individuals in the novel and perceived their emotions such of loathing and despair. It seems that both writers are searching for a true identity and avoiding the conflicts of other cultures. Their search is in the end a pointless and time wasting experience; nevertheless their experience of colonialism was all about corruption and greed. The concept of displacement is discovered by us (the readers) when Conrad instigated racism towards the Africans which was quite transparent. In contrast, Salih bravely expressed himself being misogynist, which is rather controversial in todays society-since men and women come across as being equal. The representation of the two continents in these novels is displayed in diverse ways to each other. In Conrads novel, the narrator expresses his opinion of River Thames being mournful gloom, brooding motionless. His description of England but darkness was here yesterday clearly reflects Conrads view as to how Romans once colonised England. The description gives an impression of England being wild: Here and there a military camp lost in a wilderness like a needle in a bundle of hay-cold, fog, tempests, disease, exile and death- death skulking in the air, in the water, in the bush. The metaphor is cleverly used here for camps being lost and its impossible to find them because of fog and exile. Here we discover Conrads first description of displacement from the evidence (as stated above). When Romans first arrived, England was seen as a displacement for people living there. In contrast Tayeb Salihs narrator describes Europe (where he studies) thus: I had lost for a time in a land whose fishes die of the cold. This clearly evokes a feeling of displacement he felt when he was in Europe-the feeling and emotions he got when he came back are complete reversal and it was an extraordinary moment of feeling for Europe. Later in the novel we come across the narrators feeling of alienation which evoked from displacement the trial into a conflict between two worlds, a struggle of which I was one of the victims. Here the narrator seems to be tied up between two worlds and trying to suggest that where he studied (Europe) is a different world to where he was born; his village. However, when he returns to his village, he seems to remember Europe, one possible reason could be he becomes attached to that world. This is quite evident in the novel I am from here- is not this reality enough?. I used to treasure within me the image of this little village, seeing it wherever I went with the eye of my imagination. Earlier in the novel his description of the village has drastically changed, because of the experiences that he came across in the village Over there is like here, neither better nor worse the narrator seems to come to a conclusion that world is the same theres no difference Europe is the same as his village. The concept of European being the dominant and powerful one is established in Edward Saids Orientalism (Is knowledge based idea in particular knowledgeknowlege and ideasisead of Asian cultures andnad languages.) In his book Said presents an argument argue of East being generated by western/European scholars who represent those cultures from a colonial point of view. Salih gives an impression of Africa is what Europeans make it. Which I think is a valid impression and its clearly evident in Conrads novel: They [the slaves] were dying slowly it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest. These moribund shapes - Marlows description of African men and they are not treated humanely, thus Marlow describes them as less human. In one of his chapter he brilliantly says Orientalism was ultimately a political vision of reality whose structure promoted the difference between the familiar (Europe, West, us) and the strange (the Orient, the East, them). This is true to an extent if we base it upon both novels. When featuring the element of place and displacement in a colonial novel, it is always essential that the values of the place are considered; what effect do those values have on the character. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad mainly presents the values of Africa through the character and what view does the narrator have. In chapter one Conrad presents the narrators view of Africa They were dying slowly-it was very clearnothing but black shadows of disease and starvation (pg20). The whole passage gives an impression of African men as than human, as they the are mistreated and overworked slaves. Similar approachapproch is also seen further in the novel He was usefulthe evil spirit inside the boiler will get angrySo he sweated and fired up and watched the glass fearfully (pg 45). In this passage Conrads narrator, Marlow still doesnt consider them equally and compares them with animals a dog in a parody. The reason being for this is the man had no knowledgeknowlege of machinerymachinary bec ause for them its something new, thus they are dependent on thethr white men to train them. The white man took takes advantage of their lack of capacitycapcity and scares him by referringreferrring to the evil spirit. Not only the narrator in The Heart of Darkness doesnt respect the values of Africa nor the natives living there, the character of Kurtz, who is portrayed as a powerful, corrupt man, takes full advantage of these less capable men and treats them as slaves. Kurtz doesnt respect the Africans and treats them like childrenchidren who needs correction or help with anything He began with the argument that we whites, from the point of development we had arrived atBy simple exercise of our will we can exert a power for good (pg 61). Kurtz got the idea that before he went to Africa, the natives were living as uncivilised people which was then corruptedcorrpted by Kurtzs mission. On another surface level Kurtz, this wrotewuote also gives an impression of him believes that white men can revolutionisedrevolutioned Africa and bring goodness to the country as well as making African men more capable. Thus the Africans will see the white men as Gods showing them the path, which they will follow. Conrad seems to dismissdimiss the values of Africa and thus portrays the role of white men ruling over Africans at the time of when the novel was written. Africans were treated as slaves by the Europeans and white race at the time of slavery and the periodperoid of slavery was started long ago, during the 15th century. Throughout the novel Conrad refers to the natives as Savages, which shows his brutality towards them. This approachapproch was very evident in the novel when he refers to the Africans as Well if a lot of mysterious niggers armed with all kinds of fearful weapons (pg 23), another example unless the body of a middle-aged negro, with a bullet-hole. (pg 24) Both these quotes are very harsh and suggest that Conrad is being very racist towards the Africans. At the time, native Africansafricans were used to hearing such insulting names and because they werent treated equally as white men, this made them more weaker and less capable to stand for their self. Furthermorethemsel ves. Furtehrmore, the audience wouldnt find this racist besides England would expect something far more racism than this, as they ruled over them for hundredshunderds of years. This issue was consideredcondidered by many African Professors and one of the most effective approachesapproch to Conrads racism was seen by Chinua Achebe, Nigerian novelist and professor of African Literature. Achebe called Joseph Conrad a bloody racist (Knowles Moore 299), which he moderated in later printed versions to a thoroughgoing racist (Image 257). His view is contradictory, as some would agree with him. Simply because Conrad was very direct when he was referring to the Africans with the racist word, from the point of view of Africans he would definitelydefinately be classed as a racist. Achebe also said in his lecture that Marlow represents Africans as a part of the wilder- ness. He reduces them to fragmented body parts, limbs or rolling eyes (254). On the other hand, Marlow finds that an African who does something more than materializematerialise out of the evil jungle to scare him resembles a dog in a parody of breeches (Heart 38; Image 254). To an extent his argumentsar ugemts are clearly valid ones, the image of Africans portrayedportaryed by Conrad is very brutal and showssowss the narrators hostilityhostality towards Africans. On the other hand, from the point of view of Europeans Conrad would bebeen seen as racist. They would argue argure that Conrad only portrayed the events that occurredoccured during the time and at that time people wouldnt consider this as racism. However, from a point of view of 21st century generation, this would be considered as racism, such deference is more serious and sensitive;, people would be more careful and consider the affect of the word before saying it. In Salihs novel, Season of Migration to the North deals withiwth the values and culture of Sudan and how the narratornarrotor and other characterschracters develop their connection with the country they were born in. In the novel, Salih presents the NorthernNothern and Southern Sudan as very different to each other. The Northern Sudan is modernizedmordernised, in that theretheere are many facilities such afacelities sucha s hospitals, schools and other modern infrastructures. Thismordern indrsstructures. Which is contrasted with the narrators village in SouthernSouthewrn Sudan, where theres hardly a school for children. This conflict of Sudan is reflectedrefelcted in the novel by TayebTayed Salih and the novel givens an impression of traditional tradional Sudanese values being replaced by materialistic things and technology. Furthermore, in 1956 Sudan gained its independence and tension was on its peak between the north and the south due to differencesdiffernces in religion and ethnicity. In 1983, the war brakes out againagin between the Muslim north and Christian south. Now the Southern SudaneseSudanease have gained their independence and are allowed to choose between unity and secession. The second narrator, Mustafa Saeed like the first narrator feels alienatedaliented when hes in Europe to complete his study and I, over and above everything else, am a colonizer, I am the intruder whose fate must be decided (pg 94) like the narrator, Mustafa Saeeds comment evokes a feeling of displacement. This raises an argument that is Europe a hostile place for anyone like the narrator and Mustafa Saeed or whether its just your personal experience. ReferringReferrring to the values Sudan, Salih clearly reflectsreflets these values and tradition through the characters. Mustafa SaeedsSaeeds wife Hosna portraysportays the character of typical loyal wife, who keeps the tradition of a Muslimmuslim wife After Mustafa Saeed, she answered with a decisiveness that astonished me, I shall go to no man . Her character is completelycompletly opposite to Jean Morris, to whom Mustafa Saeed married and then killed her. Her character reflectsreflecst the values and culture of England or what he sees in her I was pleased she laughed so freely. Such a woman- there are many of her types in Europe- knows no fear; they accept life with gaiety and curiosity. And I am a thirsty desert, a wilderness of southernsourthern desires. This statement stereotypes the women and the way they approach men and Mustafa Saeed gives an impression of women being objectsojects in his eyes. Thus he compares himself to a prey, on a look out for any women. Furthermore, h es suggesting that he comes from a place which wild and full of desires and in this case his desires are sexual ones. These two women are complete reversal to each other, one is loyal portraysportays the value of Sudan and other portrays the careless European woman. The values of Europe are very differentdiffernt to Sudan, however it doesnt seem to be affecting Mustafa Saeed and yet he goes further with his desires. Frantz Fanons Black skin White masks is about the search of true identity, race and skin color.colour. There is a fact: White men consider themselves superior to black men. There is another fact: Black men want to prove to white men, at all costs, the richness of their thought, the equal value of their intellect. In his book he presents his personal experience and comments on other theories of psychologists.psychiologists. Fanon presented the idea that a person is criticizedcritised because of their native culture, they then become victims of inferiority complex, when they are put in the middle of a superior culture. Thus he believesbelievs that black men have to adopt white masks in order to become part of the superior culture. According to him, the best way to achieve this is to speak the language of that culture and by speaking the language, you need to understand the values and adopt the culture.cultre. So did Mustafa Saeed put on a white mask? To an extent, its its clearly evide nt from his desires which are not the values of Sudan. It seems that Mustafa Saeed valued the white culture so much above his original culture. However, this is arguable, as he might be trying to become part of what he believesbeleives a superior culture; thus he adopts its its language as well as culture. Next point: Marlow similarly adopts the culture of Africa or Kurtzs. Like Kurtz at the end he becomes corrupted and lies. Structure, language, form used in HOD and SOM to create effect Critical conclusion on both novels/or any parallelsparalells

surrender :: essays research papers fc

Evaluate the wisdom of American insistence on the â€Å"Unconditional Surrender† of Japan. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States of America is a warrior nation. To pretend otherwise ignores a national history colored in red blood and gun smoke. Despite this, the American national conscience seeks forever the moral high ground. This national need extends to America’s ability to wage and sustain war. World War II was no exception. The Call to Arms came only after Japan’s killing of unprepared men in Pearl Harbor. The nation did not see the attack as an attack on a legitimate target but as an immoral attack. Giving in to its warrior spirit, the nation looked for retribution. Unable to shake a conscience developed and tempered by its early religious heritage, though, the nation needed more justification than mere revenge for the coming actions it would take. America’s policy of â€Å"Unconditional Surrender† provided this justification. Implied in Unconditional Surrender was the concept of Unconditional Warfare – total war. Further implied in the concept of total war was the justification for a fully violent and vengeful response. America needed the moral justification implied in the policy of Unconditional Surrender. Elegant Violence: Japanese v. American views on Warfare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To the Japanese, the concept of Unconditional Surrender was a nightmare. The Japanese government had instilled in its people the idea that Unconditional Surrender to American forces would involve horrendous tortures and degradations. Whether or not the Japanese government actually believed their own war propaganda, there was concern among the Japanese leadership that Unconditional Surrender would mean the end of Japan as a nation-state due to the expected American dismantling of the Japanese Imperial system (Freedman 201).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American public’s perception of Unconditional Surrender was not necessarily the perception of the nation’s leaders, though. In fact, most post-war planners in Washington saw America’s Unconditional Surrender policy as flexible (James 725) . However, the President did not choose to share his actual views on Unconditional Surrender with the public. To do so, would have been to negate the violent imperative behind America’s total war against Japan. Japanese and American perceptions of total war were much more in accord. Both the Japanese and American military cultures had strange and sometimes conflicting ideas about legitimate actions and targets. Both cultures could justify outrageous carnage and destruction in the pursuit of victory. That being said, the Japanese military’s almost fanatic devotion to Mahanian warfare mixed with their own Samurai code meant that, many times during the war, Japanese commanders passed up incredible targets of opportunities deeming them not worthy enough.

Geochemistry, Pollution Analysis and Management of Groundwater in Karaj plain, Iran

Geochemistry, Pollution Analysis and Management of Groundwater in Karaj field, Iran Introduction: All living things depend perfectly on a supply of fresh H2O and in term of human necessities ; H2O is considered most of import following merely to air. Water is used for many intents Viz. , domestic, agribusiness, industry and other multi assorted demands. However, many people around the universe are inveterate short of H2O even for personal demands. There are several grounds for dearth of H2O and most of import among them is increasing population. Increasing population and altering universe, demand increased demands of consumptive and non-consumptive H2O. Therefore, it is true that fresh H2O is indispensable for human endurance and is an indispensable demand for sustainable development. Worldwide agribusiness histories for 69 % the lion’s portion of H2O usage and agricultural demand is turning as population continues to increase. Major portion of this demand is met with land H2O resources and therefore land H2O tabular array is gone down alarmingly and status is unstable. In add-on, H2O quality is merely every bit of import as measure. The H2O in many topographic points is contaminated and H2O born diseases continue to be scourages of human sort. Management of H2O resources particularly groundwater is really complex in position of the viing demands for use. The survey demands realistic assessment of current and awaited demands for H2O by assorted H2O utilizations. It is hence of import that latest modern techniques of survey and rating of H2O resources by following the modern methodological analysiss like Arc GIS SPSS, Rockwork, Rockware and etc, packages. Aim and range of the present survey: Measuring the measure and quality of H2O resources is the of import facet in H2O resources planning and direction. Unfortunately much of the world’s population specially in state like Iran lacks a suited and safe H2O supply and many a clip supplies are disrupted. With turning population these types of Problems are traveling more common in close hereafter. Hence interdisciplinary surveies are required with mention to the research job in undertaking the bing jobs expeditiously and get the better of. The present survey purposes to measure land H2O resources and its quality since pantie surface H2O resources available in Karaj field, Iran and analysing its tendency, both in infinite and clip. An effort is made to understand the nature of the job in footings of land H2O related issues and to come out with an appropriate solution on a scientific footing. The attack towards the job will be multidisciplinary as it includes, geological, hydrological, hydrogeochemical and environmental conditions of the country. Karaj Plain is one of the huge upland field of Iran, with an mean one-year rainfall of 260mm and entire one-year infiltration of groundwater is estimated to be 56 million three-dimensional metres. The demand of fresh H2O for assorted multi-user like anthropogenetic demands, agribusiness pattern and industrial demand is about 61.5 billion three-dimensional metres. At present, there is a deficit of 5.5 billion three-dimensional metres in a twelvemonth and this may be farther agrivated due to increase of population and resulted more demand in close hereafter. Decrease in volume of groundwater reservoirs will besides accordingly do the decrease of the quality of groundwater. Apart from this the land H2O of the country is badly polluting from inflow of pollutant waste H2O of industrial workss and human waste wastewaters in Karaj metropolis. Further Increasing development of industry, agricultural pattern and inordinate population growing in the part consequences more of taint of groundwat er in the part. Therefore measuring the measure and quality of groundwater resources and its judicial use is the of import facets in H2O resources planning and direction of the survey country. Reappraisal of literature: The campaigner has looked into the above discussed jobs in the chosen country and noticed that non much work has done. There are merely meager studies in the literature. The quality of groundwater in Karaj Plain since the last 10 old ages has been investigated and tested by Tehran Regional Company and the concentration of cations, anions, coarseness etc. , are studied. Recently, State Geological Organization has analysed, dirt and surface and land H2O resources in and around Tehran metropolis. There is a study on ‘Study of concentration of heavy metal elements in groundwater resources of Garmabdasht in Gorgan, by Sahar Armanpour et Al 2007. There are besides studies on â€Å"Geochemical procedures are responsible for the spatial-temporal fluctuations in groundwater chemical science in the western portion of Iran† ( Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad et Al. 2008 and Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad 2009 ) . Hence an in deepness survey of qualitative and quantitative analysis and direction of l and H2O resources in Karaj field is much needed. Geographic place of the studied part: one of the biggest metropolis of Alborz Province is Karaj metropolis. The survey country, Karaj field is situated in Northwest of Tehran, Iran, lies between latitudes 34 °50? to 35 °30? N and longitudes 47 °12? , to 48 °10? E covering an country of 811 sq kilometer. Its northern side is situated in the northern Highlandss of Karaj, the eastern side is Kan River, the western side is Hashrgerd Plain and the southern side is Mallard and Saleh Abad. The mean tallness of the part is 1500 m above MSL. The most of import metropolis located in this Alborz Province is Karaj, which is metropolis including some big and little metropoliss with populations of more than 1728000 individuals and an country of 162 sq kilometer. There are more than 3000 big and little graduated table chemical, automotive and nutrient industries in the part. Area of farming areas is estimated to be about 17000 hectares. Iran Persia Location of the survey country Aim: The undermentioned aims are formulated for chosen survey country:Designation of different hydrogeomorphical conditions and lineament analysis of the survey country.Appraisal of groundwater quality and hydrogeomorphical mold.Evaluation the H2O resourses by environmental impact appraisal ( EIA )Conservation and direction of groundwater in the survey country.Materials and methods used in theChosencountry of research: The undermentioned methods are to be adopted in the present probes and analysis:Geological map of the survey country will be complied utilizing bing regional geological map, satelite imaginations and GIS packages.Analysis and spatial distribution theamatic maps of rainfall will be constructed utilizing meteoric informations and GIS packagesMorphometric analysis and hydrogeomophic zones of the Karaj field will be done utilizing SOI toposheets, Satelite Imageries and GIS. ( Arc GIS10, Global Mapper 14, PCI.Geomatica.2012.SP1 )35 groundwater samples will be collected in a grid form from the survey country for premansoon and postmansoon seasons by following international criterion techniques. Physico-chemical features of land H2O samples will be carried out utilizing modern and sophisticated analytical instruments like Flame Photometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, UV-Vissible Spectrophotometer and Titrimetry method.Analysis of the quality of groundwater resources will be made in understanding the rock- H2O interaction, distribution of major and minor elements and impact of pollutants in H2O resources utilizing available criterion package and diagrams.Environmental Impact Assessment of the survey country will be carried out ( Arc GIS10, PCI.Geomatica.2012.SP1, SPSS ) . The advantage of this technique is that it takes into history of all the facets of the environment i.e. ecology, physical/chemical facets and human/social involvement etc, .By sing all the above facets and parametric quantities, hydrogeochemical theoretical account will be proposed ( Arc GIS10 ) . This theoretical account will be much helpful for preservation and better direction and use of the groundwater resources.Result of the research probe:Assess the impact of over development of land H2O and pollution impact on aquifer system and land H2O quality.Suggest remedial steps to minimise the land H2O backdown by following progresss irrigation techniques.Management of H2O resources and used as a theoretical account to follow in other similar countries.Mentions:Armanpour, Sahar- Karami, G- Yakhkoshi, E ( 2007 ) , Study of concentration of heavy and chief metal elements in groundwater resources of Garmabdasht in Gorgan, the first environmental and medical geological conference.Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad –Manshuori, M, 2008, survey on grounds and jobs of aquifer overdraft in Asad Abad Plain in Hamedan, the 4th national conference of geology and environment in Eslamshahr ( in Persian ) .Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad ( 2009 ) , maestro ‘s class thesis, Study of Chahardoly Aquifer Gaseous Reasons and its Environmental impacts, Tehran Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, P81 to 83 ( in Persian ) .Water Resources Studies Unit of Tehran Regional Water Company ( 2005 ) , study on suggestion for extension of the prohibition in the studied part of Tehran-Karaj.

The History of How Time Zones Came to Be

The History of How Time Zones Came to Be Prior to the late nineteenth century, time keeping was a purely local phenomenon. Each town would set their clocks to noon when the sun reached its zenith each day. A clockmaker or town clock would be the official time and the citizens would set their pocket watches and clocks to the time of the town. Enterprising citizens would offer their services as mobile clock setters, carrying a watch with the accurate time to adjust the clocks in customers homes on a weekly basis. Travel between cities meant having to change ones pocket watch upon arrival. However, once railroads began to operate and move people rapidly across great distances, time became much more critical. In the early years of the railroads, the schedules were very confusing because each stop was based on a different local time. The standardization of time was essential to efficient operation of railroads. The History of the Standardization of Time Zones In 1878, Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed the system of worldwide time zones that we use today. He recommended that the world be divided into twenty-four time zones, each spaced 15 degrees of longitude apart. Since the earth rotates once every 24 hours and there are 360 degrees of longitude, each hour the earth rotates one-twenty-fourth of a circle or 15 degrees of longitude. Sir Flemings time zones were heralded as a brilliant solution to a chaotic problem worldwide. United States railroad companies began utilizing Flemings standard time zones on November 18, 1883. In 1884 an International Prime Meridian Conference was held in Washington D.C. to standardize time and select the prime meridian. The conference selected the longitude of Greenwich, England as zero degrees longitude and established the 24 time zones based on the prime meridian. Although the time zones had been established, not all countries switched immediately. Though most U.S. states began to adhere to the Pacific, Mountain, Central, and Eastern time zones by 1895, Congress didnt make the use of these time zones mandatory until the Standard Time Act of 1918. How Different Regions of the Word Use Time Zones Today, many countries operate on variations of the time zones proposed by Sir Fleming. All of China (which should span five time zones) uses a single time zone eight hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (known by the abbreviation UTC, based on the time zone running through Greenwich at 0 degrees longitude). Australia uses three time zones its central time zone is a half-hour ahead of its designated time zone. Several countries in the Middle East and South Asia also utilize half-hour time zones. Since time zones are based on segments of longitude and lines of longitude narrow at the poles, scientists working at the North and South Poles simply use UTC time. Otherwise, Antarctica would be divided into 24 very thin time zones! The time zones of the United States are standardized by Congress and although the lines were drawn to avoid populated areas, sometimes theyve been moved to avoid complication. There are nine time zones in the U.S. and its territories, they include Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, Alaska, Hawaii-Aleutian, Samoa, Wake Island, and Guam. With the growth of the Internet and global communication and commerce, some have advocated a new worldwide time system.

How legitimate would you judge Britains reaction to French essays

How legitimate would you judge Britains reaction to French essays How legitimate would you judge Britains reaction to French occupation of Fashoda to have been? Immediately after the Crimean War Britain and France were seen as great allies. And when the scramble of Africa started the main thing Britain did not want to happen was to start a large war with another major country, and especially a former ally. However, luckily a war never happened between them. I believe that Britains reaction was legitimate to the French occupation of Fashoda because, as Grey said, the upper Nile valley had belonged to Egypt and, since the Mahdis revolt of the 1880s, had become a diplomatic no-mans land over which Egypt (then under British protection) had by far the best claim. In fact France had had nothing to do with Fashoda at all. What we do no is that Britain were not willing to give up and let France keep Fashoda as they really wanted to link Cairo with Cape Town as it would have been an incredible advance if there was a railway line between these two cities. It would mean that more trading could be done; there would be a quick way of getting around, communications would be a lot quicker throughout Africa and therefore any messages to Britain would be quicker, and it would also be very good for getting troops around to protect British interests. So they didnt want any country to occupy Fashoda because it was right in the way between Cairo and Cape Town. Another reason why Britain was not willing to give up was because they knew that the French wouldnt be able to hold onto it with all the pressure on them and if they did they could easily disrupt French supplies from France to North Africa with the Royal Navy if there was a war. The French navy was also undermanned. Britain and France were very competitive to get as much as Africa as possible and Britain certainly didnt want the French economy improving if they got Fashoda because it would give them a dir...

The regulatory framework for financial reporting by listed companies Essay

The regulatory framework for financial reporting by listed companies in the UK and the reasons why different accounting practices developed in different countries - Essay Example Although every business is different in some respect from the other, but their accounting procedures are to be performed in some standardized manner in order to have consistency and get an accurate picture. The financial reporting standards perform the function of regulating the business world by laying down the accounting standards and procedures which the limited companies need to follow. This not only helps in getting the financial information about companies on a common base by having standardized policies, but also serves the purpose of providing the users of financial statements with clear, accurate, reliable and relevant information (2005). In the United Kingdom, there are three basic elements of the regulatory framework for all the listed companies. The government has its role in regulating the businesses by way of the Company Law; the accounting professionals perform their duties by preparing, interpreting and implementing the accounting standards being prepared for the financial reporting purpose; and finally the stock exchange keeps a check by having various stock exchange rules for the companies listed in the London Stock Exchange. The Company Law is to be fulfilled by all the limited companies whether public or private, however there are variations depending upon the nature of the entity. It’s the basic regulatory framework introduced by the government in order to keep a record of the companies in the country (Ray Ball, Lakshmanan Shivakumar, 2004). However, this Company Law does not pay much attention to imposing regulations for the standardization and consistency of the accounting standards and policies. It just lays down the general rules and requirements for preparing financial statements, their format and their content. The procedure for finalizing the content is not discussed. The Company Law makes it mandatory that all the listed companies should prepare and

Sustainable Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sustainable Tourism - Essay Example In order to conduct an in-depth analysis a literature review consisting of the existing literature has been carried out. This has been followed by a primary research which would provide firsthand information about the means to ensure sustainable tourism in the nation. A questionnaire survey has been created for the purpose which would be followed by a section that would contain a set of plausible recommendations about the means to bring about sustainable tourism in a nation so as to bring about greater economic and social prosperity in the tourism industry. Introduction The twenty first century has been often cited by critics as the age of globalization which has been categorized by organizations trying to breach across geographical boundaries to reach out to new and potential market regions. This has bolstered and fuelled the economic growth of many nations whose citizens have reported considerable rise in disposable income. This has in turn enhanced the demand for leisure activitie s like tourism. Tourism has evolved in a major way with global tourism hotspots being termed as generators of revenue for the economy and the nation. According to World Tourism Organization sustainable tourism is defined as â€Å"tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a manner that social, economic and the aesthetic needs could be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity and life support systems† (United Nations Foundations, 2002, p.1). The significance of tourism as an industry segment could be analyzed from the fact that global tourism industry contributes approximately 11 percent towards the global GDP of the world. This sector employs approximately 200 million individuals across the globe serving approximately 700 million customers across the world. Experts point out that this figure is expected to increase to exactly twice its present value. Much of the value of this global tourism comes from the developed nations which contribute approximately seventy percent of the total revenues generated from tourism. The developing nations have grown by approximately 9.5 percent since 1990 which is quite comparative as compared to the annual growth of the global tourism industry which is pegged at 4.6 percent. Tourism generates precious foreign exchange, employment as well as GDP for the nations. There are a large number of nations and islands whose economy is entirely dependent on the tourism industry (Roe & Khanya, 2001, p.1). The present study would try to analyze the aspect of sustainable tourism and would also discuss about the different factors affecting global tourism with regards to certain issues related to the environment. Literature Review Social and Economic Sustainability of Tourism The sustainability of tourism industry is largely dependent upon other sectors as many economic and social factors are said to be correlated with the tourism industry. Presence of infra structure and political stability are factors that have a deep impact on the success and growth of the tourism indus

Hamptons International in UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hamptons International in UAE - Essay Example The paper is divided into separate sections with each section analyzing one component of the business. There is a section on applying Porter’s Five Forces and another on the BCG or the Boston Consulting Group Matrix as applied to Hamptons. A section provides the value chain analysis and another section covers the financial analysis with the conclusion recommending a set of strategies for the company going forward. Each section flows into the next in an attempt to provide a holistic and well rounded analysis of the company and its operations. Before concluding this Executive Summary, one needs to remember the words about Hamptons being a quintessentially British company which invokes images of history and elegance that is now under a different ownership that is moving aggressively to capture new markets and grow its business. It is this conflation of old world work ethic and modern business practices that make Hamptons International a unique and singular company to

Analyzing the Argumentation and Persuasive Tactics in Song Lyrics Essay Example for Free

Analyzing the Argumentation and Persuasive Tactics in Song Lyrics Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tupac Amaru Shakur also known as 2Pac or Makaveli was an American rapper. He is a successful recording artist in his genre of Rap, a successful film actor, and a social activist.   He was recognized in Guiness Book of World Records as the highest-selling rap artist with over 75,000,000 albums sold worldwide, including over 50,000,000 in United States.   Above all that achievement, his first album was entitled 2Pacalypse Now which was not successful and sold so few.   The single entitled â€Å"Keep Ya Head Up,† was one of the different singles that was included in the Top 10 Billboard Singles which was on 1993.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The single â€Å"Keep Ya Head Up† was one of the most played songs of 2Pac.   The song centered on being   able to fight violence and how to rise above abuse.   2Pac showed his compassionate side in this song which paved way for a significance in women’s attitude towards abuse.   2Pac has focused in this song the significance of hope and being able to pick up oneself after a hardship and abuse.   Just like the other songs of 2Pac, the single â€Å"Keep Ya Head Up† also aimed at the problems of young black females, growing up, violence, and hardship in racism problems.   He has emphasized the importance of keeping the head up and never giving up in spite the difficulties. Statement of Fact   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The song of 2Pac entitled â€Å"Keep Ya Head Up† has focused on being able to stand up after a fall and never lose hope.   It is evident in the song that hope is a major theme in it, as seen in these stanzas: â€Å"Baby don’t cry, you got to keep your head up even when the road is hard, never give up (you’ll be alright) Baby don’t cry, you got to keep your head up even when the road is hard, never give up (you’ll be alright).†Ã‚   2Pac has even emphasized the reality in what has been happening in the real world which is said as, â€Å"Now here’s a story bout a woman with dreams so picture perfect at thirteen, an ebony queen beneath the surface it was more than just a crooked smile nobody knew about her secret so it took a while I could see a tear fall down her black cheek sheddin quiet tears in the back seat; so when she asked me. What would you do if it was you?.†   Ã‚  As well in this lines, â€Å"Couldn’t answer such a horrible pain to live through I tried to trade places in the tragedy I couldn’t picture three crazed niggaz grabbin me For just a moment I was trapped in the pain, Lord come and take me Four niggaz violated, they chased and raped me Even though it wasn’t me, could feel the grief Thinkin with your brains blown that would make the pain go No! You got to find a way to survive cause they win when your soul dies.   The significance of the obvious oppression and abuse to women are seen in the society just given a bigger picture in this song. III. Argument   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2Pac’s song â€Å"Keep Ya Head Up† has open my mind to the importance of hope and never giving up in times of difficulties and hardship which was more focused in women’s abuse in this song that gives compassion to women in distress.   Different from other songs of 2Pac which tackled on ghettos and racism, this song of hope has even risen from other 2Pac’s singles.   This song has been a chart topper in the Billboards in the year 1993 which was obvious that the audience and people are aware and has given interest in the song â€Å"Keep Ya Head Up†, and people can relate to such issue of today. Definition of Terms: Ya – other word for â€Å"your† Hope – expectation and desire combined Keep – retain possession Niggaz – African American or Black Americans Refutation and Counterarguments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The song â€Å"Keep Ya Head Up† was a very inspiring song of hope and never giving up but has some deficiencies in it in it’s delivery of words and using inappropriate language of referring to   person like the ones mentioned in the song like: â€Å"nigga,† â€Å"niggaz,† and â€Å"wild-ass.†Ã‚   These languages are not appropriate for children and teens that will be listening to it and may give way for improper conduct due to lack of education to the right words to be said.   No question about the theme and purpose of the song but the point stressed is the courtesy of referring women in a decent and proper way.   No word greater than the word â€Å"woman, lady or girl,† is describable of. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2Pac’s purpose of the song â€Å"Keep Ya Head Up,† is greatly appreciated in spite of the words used.   In memory of Tupac Amaru Shakur or 2Pac who passed away last September 13, 1996 due to a shooting incident, his legacy will always be remembered and be always in our hearts as well as his songs left with us.   In the single â€Å"Keep Ya Head Up,† 2Pac’s compassion, hope, never giving up, and concern to women’s welfare was evident and seen in this perspective.   Together with Makaveli’s passing, was an honor of his achievements and continuous appreciation of his work and talents in music and being a social activists in human rights. Sources: Keep Ya Head Up Lyrics. Vibe Magazine November 1996 Issue. Baltake, Joe.   Tupac Taps Into Cultural Marvel, Sacramento Bee, November 14, 2003 P.TK26.

Free Will in Oedipus the King Essay -- Sophocles Oedipus Rex Essays

Free Will in Oedipus the King Oedipus the King by Sophocles is the story of a man who was destined to kill his father and marry his mother. The story continues in the tradition of classic Greek plays, which were based upon the Greeks’ beliefs at the time. The ancient Greeks believed that their gods decided what would ultimately happen to each and every person. Since those gods destined Oedipus to kill his father and marry his mother, Oedipus’ life was definitely fated. However, the gods only decided where Oedipus’ life would eventually lead; they never planned the route he would take to get there. All the decisions that Oedipus made in order to fulfill his destiny, and the decisions he made after the fact, were of his own free will, and were largely shaped by his mien. Probably the most relevant examples of the exercise of free will are in the events which lead up to the play and which fulfill Oedipus’ prophecy. When Laius and Jocasta hear of their newborn son’s fate, their first instinct is to kill Baby Oedipus. But they cannot do the deed outright; they instead make the choice to pin his feet together and leave him on a mountainside. This turns out not to be the best choice for them, but at least it was a choice. Perhaps the most barefaced example of free will is in the murder of Laius and his men—not so much the murders themselves but the circumstances surrounding the murders. This is how Oedipus describes the incident to Jocasta: Making my way toward this triple crossroad I began to see a herald, then a brace of colts drawing a wagon, and mounted on the bench†¦a man, just as you’ve described him, coming face-to-face, and the one in the lead and the old man himself were about to thrust me off the road—brute force— a... ...is eyes out and Jocasta would hang herself. The people involved were completely responsible for their actions. Technically, everything that happened in the play was outside the realm of the prophecy since the prophecy was fulfilled before the story even started, so therefore, there is no fate in Oedipus the King! Free will is abound in Oedipus the King; any character who makes a decision of their own accord is a testament to that. Even Oedipus, whose life was fated from the start, made many decisions, ranging from how to fulfill his destiny to how to punish himself after finding out he had indeed murdered his father and married his mother, and most of which were shaped largely by his personality. WORKS CITED Sophocles. â€Å"Oedipus the King.† The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002. 1289-1331.

Second Variety

Second variety is a wonderful and influential short story written by Philip K. Dick. This is a science fiction which describes the destruction caused to earth surface by nuclear wars making it uninhabitable for human beings. This short story is full of suspense, violence and thrill. In the process of evolution, the second variety is very well equipped to kill the already existing once. Initially it may appear bit difficult to get along the plot, once getting hold then all the turns and twist are amazing.This is a classic piece of literature which conveys a great message to protect human race on earth from the lethal weapons created by man himself. It mainly depicts the destructions caused by nuclear wars. Defeated by Russia, American government flees to moon base and develops advanced technologies to fight back. They develop robots called claws, the killing machine. Soldiers of UN forces are protected by a special kind of wrist tab. They were produced and designed in an unmanned fact ory. Within the span of six years the claws have destroyed the entire Russian army.But later machine overtook man and there was a threat of great disaster. UN forces were urgently summoned by Russians for policy meeting. Major Hendricks is sent for negotiation with Russians On his way he was accompanied by a boy who later turn out to be a 1-V robot. It was reveal that the US wrist tab became ineffective against claws. Along with three Russian soldiers, Hendricks set on a journey to prevent the destruction. And it becomes very difficult for Hendricks to find out who is the second variety robot among his Russian companions. Dick’s short story â€Å"Second Variety† also presented human-like machines, the claws.These machines were made for a world war and eventually broke free of human control, developing machines that could pass as humans (as our smart phones will do someday). Unlike the replicants, the claws were always intent on killing humans-thus necessitating a means to tell them apart. The early models were easily recognized as being non-humans. Unfortunately for the humans in the story, the only way they could tell the most advanced models from humans was by seeing multiple claws of the same variety together. Otherwise, they easily passed as humans right up until the point they started killing.It seems worth considering that the same might apply to psychopaths. To be specific, normal people can catch the psychopaths that are poor mimics, have poor impulse control, have difficulty with behaving responsibly, and possess a poor capacity for assessing consequences. However, the psychopaths that are better mimics, have better impulse control, can seem to act responsibly, and can assess consequences would be far more difficult to spot. Such psychopaths could easily pass as normal humans, much like Glaucon’s unjust man is able to conceal his true nature.As such, perhaps the experts think that these specific traits are part of what it is to be a psychopath because these traits are possessed by the psychopaths they have caught. However, as with the more advanced claws, perhaps the most dangerous psychopaths are eluding detection. At least until it is too late. â€Å"Second Variety† occurs in the aftermath of an extensive nuclear war between the Soviet Union (sometimes referred to as Russia) and the United Nations. Early Soviet victories forced the North American government and production to flee to a Moon Base, leaving the majority of their troops behind.To counter the almost complete Soviet victory, U. N. technicians develop robots, nicknamed claws—the basic models are â€Å"a churning sphere of blades and metal† that ambush their unsuspecting victims â€Å"spinning, creeping, shaking themselves up suddenly from the gray ash and darting toward†¦ [any warm body]. † U. N. forces are protected from the claws by a special radiation-emitting wrist tab. Within six years, the sophisticated and i ndependent claws have destroyed the Soviet forces, repairing and redesigning themselves in automated underground factories run without any human oversight.The U. N. forces receive a message from the Soviets asking for a policy-level officer to go to them for a gravely urgent conference. The U. N. victory was costlier than they had expected. Major Joseph Hendricks is sent to negotiate with the Soviets. En route to the rendezvous, he meets a small boy named â€Å"David† who asks to accompany Hendricks. When they near the Soviet bunker, soldiers immediately kill the boy, revealing him to be a robot. The claws' development program has evolved to develop sophisticated robots identical to humans designed to infiltrate and kill.The three Soviets met by Major Hendricks—Klaus, Rudi and Tasso—reveal that the entire Soviet army and command structure collapsed under the onslaught of the new robots. From salvaged internal metal identification plates, two varieties are identi fied: I-V, a wounded soldier, and III-V, David. The II-V—the â€Å"second variety†Ã¢â‚¬â€remains unknown. The different models are produced independently of each other in different factories. The Soviets also reveal that the U. N. protective tabs are ineffective against the new robots. Hendricks attempts to transmit a warning to his H. Q. unker, but is unable to do so. During the night, Klaus kills Rudi, mistakenly believing he is the II-V. The next morning, Hendricks and the two remaining Soviets return to the U. N. lines. When they reach the bunker, they discover it overrun: a crowd of David and Wounded Soldier model robots attack, but Tasso destroys them with a very powerful hand grenade, stating that it was designed to destroy the robots. Hendricks and Tasso flee, leaving Klaus to the old-style claws. However, Klaus survives both the claws and the bomb blast only to be shot by Tasso, sending â€Å"gears and wheels† flying.Tasso tells Hendricks that Klaus mu st have been the II-V robot. Hendricks, now suffering from a wounded arm and internal injuries, hopes to escape to the Moon Base. He and Tasso search for a hidden escape rocket, which is revealed as a single-seat spacecraft. Hendricks attempts to leave, but Tasso quickly subdues him. She convinces him to let her leave and send back help. In his injured state, he has no choice but to agree. Hendricks provides Tasso with the signal code needed to find the Moon Base.Alone and armed with Tasso's pistol, Hendricks returns to Klaus's remains and discovers from the parts that the robot was not a II-V, but a IV-V. A group of robots then attack Hendricks, including Davids, Wounded Soldiers, and several Tasso—the true II-V—models. Hendricks recognizes that he has doomed the Moon Base by sending a robot to them, and that he cannot withstand the onslaught of robots attacking him. As the Tasso models approach, Hendricks notices the bombs clipped to their belts, and recalls that the first Tasso used one to destroy other claws.At his end, Hendricks is vaguely comforted by the thought that the claws are designing, developing, and producing weapons meant for killing other claws. Dick said of the story: â€Å"My grand theme—who is human and who only appears (masquerading) as human? —emerges most fully. Unless we can individually and collectively be certain of the answer to this question, we face what is, in my view, the most serious problem possible. Without answering it adequately, we cannot even be certain of our own selves. I cannot even know myself, let alone you. So I keep working on this theme; to me nothing is as important a question.And the answer comes very hard. â€Å"[1] Reviewing the story, critic Zack Handlen wrote, â€Å"‘Second Variety' is grim, violent, and suspenseful. There’s enough characterization to keep the protagonists from being indistinguishable, but not much beyond that. While most of the twists are easy to s pot once you discover the main plot—basically [an] ‘Are you or aren’t you a machine' deal—they still have an impact, and Dick makes his point quite clearly. Which isn’t something you can say for much of his other work—[‘Second Variety'] is the most user-friendly piece of his I’ve read.There’s enough uncertainty to know it’s Dick; questions of identity keep popping up, and the good guys/bad guys line is pretty well obliterated by the end. But the plot is logical, and there is a point A to point B to point C evolution that you can follow without too much trouble. † He also remarked on the similarities between â€Å"Second Variety† and the Terminator films, writing: â€Å"When the claws/screamers start changing, their newest models take human forms for much the same reasons the T-800 was created. â€Å"

Healthcare Delivery Systems

Chapter 1 – Health Care Delivery Systems There are many interesting and important points in this chapter. Some of them include: Pennsylvania Hospital founded by Ben Franklin was the 1st US hospital University of PA was the US first medical school The AMA was founded in Philadelphia in 1847. The Flexner Report was published in 1910 and impacted the status of medical school education. Hill-Burton Act of 1948 provided federal monies to update hospitals JCAH which is now JCAHO was created in 1951. JCAHO is an independent accreditation agency for health care facilities (all types).Medicare and Medicaid were enacted by Congress in 1965 Privacy Act of 1974 – protect the privacy of information systems in federal health care facilities HCFA (now called CMS) was created in 1977 TEFRA in 1982 established the first Medicare prospective payment system EMTALA of 1985 protected patients against â€Å"dumping† HIPAA was passed in 1996 with components on standardization, simplica tion, privacy, and security SCHIP was established in 1997 to provide health insurance to infants and children not covered under Medicaid Notice all of the abbreviations used in chapter 1!The use of abbreviations and acronyms is very prevalent in the health care and HIM field. Important Concepts in Chapter 1 Continuum of Care – primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care. Most of us are familiar with primary care, care sought by a patient with medical professionals for current problem or maintenance of a problem. Secondary care is seeing a specialist, dermatologist, neurologist, etc. for a problem, often referred by your primary care or family doctor. Tertiary care is often provided in specialty hospitals.This can include specialty radiograph (PET scan, MRI), burn treatment, cancer treatment centers, etc. Health care facility ownership, there are three kinds of facility ownership in general; government, for profit, and not-for-profit non government (Faith-based hospitals f or example). Hospitals are organized with a governing body at the top, sometimes referred to as a board of trustees. Within the hospital and most larger health care facilities (rehab, clinics) there will be an Health Information Management (HIM) or Medical Records Department.However, Medical Records is an older term. Typical functions of an HIM department include, coding, chart abstraction, record processing, record storage and retrieval, medical transcription, release of information (ROI), cancer registry, and index complying and retrieving. The size of the HIM department staff will vary and is usually based on the bed size of the facility and/or annual visits processed (discharged, ED, Outpatient surgery etc. ). One of the most visible components of a health care facility and an HIM department is the coding function.Coding is also seen in outpatient area for physician office and other types of non-hospital based healthcare. This is based partially on the fact the coding is tied to reimbursement and funding for the facility/provider. In the US there are two main coding systems used; ICD-9-CM and HCPCS. HCPCS contains CPT codes which are often thought of as a separate system but CPT is part of HCPCS. CPT codes are used to report physician services regardless of the place of service (hospital, office, ED, clinic, etc. ).ICD-9-CM classification contains diagnoses codes which are used by all providers for coding. ICD-9-CM volume 3 is only used to report inpatient or acute care hospital procedures. Note: CPT does not have any diagnoses codes in it. If a physician uses CPT to code/bill for procedures, ICD-9-CM must also be used. A complete picture must be captured with the procedure and the diagnosis(ies) of the patient for coding/billing to be correct! Licensure and accreditation – your textbook makes a distinction between these wo. Licensure is often governed by state and can be for an individual or a facility. Licensure is most often required for a health care provider or facility to operate in that specific state. Accreditation is for a facility and is most often voluntary. JCAHO is one accreditation body, others include; AAAHC, AOA, CARF, NCQA, NCCHC. New Developments: When the implementation of more digital technology in the area of health care and specifically in the HIM area.Electronic health records (EHR) are being discussed and used more and more in the US. With this type of record gathering and storage, methods of authentication have been updated for the digital age. These include electronic signature. Security measures have also been updated which include smart cards and biometrics. Your textbook also includes some excellent websites for concepts in this chapter. You may also want to refer to this list when you are looking for journal articles to complete lab assignment 2-5 which will be due next week.

The Evolution of the Spinning Wheel

The Evolution of the Spinning Wheel The spinning wheel is an ancient invention used to transform various plant and animal fibers into thread or yarn, which are subsequently woven into cloth on a loom. No one knows for certain when the first spinning wheel was invented. Historians have come up with several theories. In Ancient History of the Spinning Wheel, German author and science historian Franz Maria Feldhaus traces the origins of the spinning wheel back to ancient Egypt, however, other historical documentation suggests that it debuted in India between 500 and 1000 A.D., while other evidence cites China as the point of origin. For those who accept the latter theory, the belief is that the technology migrated from China to Iran, and then from Iran to India, and finally, from India to Europe during the late Middle Ages and early  Renaissance. The Evolution of Spinning Technology A distaff, a stick or spindle upon which wool,  flax or other fibers are spun by hand is held horizontally in a frame and turned by a wheel-driven belt. Generally, the distaff was held in the left hand, while the wheel belt was slowly turned by the right. Evidence of early handheld spindles, from which spinning wheels would eventually evolve, have been found in Middle Eastern excavation sites that date back as far as 5000 BCE. Distaffs were used to create threads for the fabrics in which Egyptian mummies were wrapped, and were also the primary tools for spinning ropes and the material from which ship sails were constructed. Since spinning by hand was time-consuming and best-suited to small-scale production, finding a way to mechanize the process  was a natural progression. Although it would be some time before the technology reached Europe, by the 14th century, the Chinese had come up with water-powered spinning wheels. Around the year 1533, a spinning wheel featuring a stationary vertical rod and bobbin mechanism with the addition of a foot pedal debuted in the Saxony region of Germany. Foot power freed up the hands for spinning, making the process much faster. The flyer, which twisted the yarn as it was spun was another 16th-century advancement that increased the rate of yarn and thread production dramatically. The Industrialization of the Spinning Wheel At the dawn of the 18th century, the technology to produce thread and yarn was falling behind the ever-increasing demands for plentiful, high-quality textiles. Resulting yarn shortages led to an era of innovation that would eventually culminate in the mechanization of the spinning process. With British carpenter/weaver James Hargreaves 1764 invention of the spinning jenny, a hand-powered device featuring multiple spools, spinning became industrialized for the first time. Although a vast improvement over its hand-powered predecessors, the thread spun by Hargreaves invention wasnt of the best quality. Further improvements came via inventors  Richard Arkwright,  inventor of the water frame and Samuel Crompton, whose spinning mule incorporated both water frame and spinning jenny technology. The improved machines produced yarn and thread that was much stronger, finer, and of higher quality than that produced on the spinning jenny. Output was greatly increased as well, ushering in the birth of the  factory system. Spinning Wheel in Myth and Folklore The spinning wheel trope has been a popular plot device in folklore for thousands of years. Spinning is cited in the Bible and also makes its appearance in Greco-Roman mythology, as well as various folktales throughout Europe and Asia. Sleeping Beauty The earliest version of Sleeping Beauty appearance made its appearance in a French work, Perceforest (Le Roman de Perceforest) written sometime between  1330 and 1345. The story was adapted in the collected tales of the Brothers Grimm but is best known as a popular animated film from the studio of Walt Disney. In the story, a king and queen invite seven good fairies to be the godmothers of their infant princess. At the christening, the fairies are fà ªted by the king and queen, but unfortunately, there was one fairy who, through an oversight, never got an invitation but shows up anyway. Six of the other seven fairies have already bestowed gifts of beauty, wit, grace, dance, song, and goodness on the baby girl. Out of spite, the miffed fairy puts an evil spell on the princess: The girl is to die on her 16th birthday by pricking her finger on a poisoned spindle. While the seventh fairy can’t lift the curse, with her gift, she can lighten it. Instead of dying, the girl will sleep for a hundred years- until she’s awakened by the kiss of a prince. In some versions, the king and queen hide their daughter in the forest and change her name, hoping that the curse won’t find her. In others, the king orders every spinning wheel and spindle in the kingdom be destroyed, but on the day of her birthday, the princess happens on an old woman (the evil fairy in disguise), spinning away at her wheel. The princess, who has never seen a spinning wheel, asks to try it, and of course, pricks her finger and falls into an enchanted slumber. As time passes, a great thorny forest grows up around the castle where the girl lies sleeping but eventually, the handsome prince arrives and braves the briars, finally awakening her with his kiss. Arachne and Athena (Minerva) There are several versions of the cautionary tale of Arachne in Greek and Roman mythology. In the one told in Ovid’s Metamorphosis, Arachne was a talented spinner and weaver who boasted that her skills exceeded those of the goddess Athena (Minerva to the Romans). Hearing the boast, the goddess challenged her mortal rival to a weaving contest. Athenas work pictured four tableaux of mortals being punished for daring to think they equaled or surpassed the gods, while Arachnes showed gods abusing their powers. Sadly for Arachne, her work was not only superior to Athena’s, the theme she’d chosen only added insult to injury. Enraged, the goddess tore her competitor’s work to shreds and beat her about the head. In desolation, Arachne hanged herself. But the goddess wasn’t through with her yet. Live on then, and yet hang, condemned one,† Athena said, â€Å"but, lest you are careless in future, this same condition is declared, in punishment, against your descendants, to the last generation! After pronouncing her curse, Athena sprinkled Arachnes body with the juice of Hecates herb, â€Å"and immediately at the touch of this dark poison, Arachnes hair fell out. With it went her nose and ears, her head shrank to the smallest size, and her whole body became tiny. Her slender fingers stuck to her sides as legs, the rest is belly, from which she still spins a thread, and, as a spider, weaves her ancient web. Rumplestiltskin This fairytale of German origin was collected by the  Brothers Grimm  for the 1812 edition of  their Childrens and Household Tales. The story revolves around a social-climbing miller who tries to impress the king by telling him his daughter can spin straw into gold- which of course, she cant. The king locks the girl in a tower with a roomful of straw and orders her to spin it into gold by the next morning- or else face a harsh punishment (either decapitation or lifelong imprisonment in a dungeon, depending on the version). The girl is at her wits end and terrified. Hearing her cries, a tiny demon appears and tells her he will do whats been asked of her in exchange for a trade. She gives him her necklace and by morning, the straw has been spun into gold. But the king still isnt satisfied. He takes the girl to a larger room filled with straw and commands her to spin it into gold by the next morning, again or else. The imp comes back and this time the girl gives him her ring in trade for his work. The following morning, the king is impressed but still not satisfied. He takes the girl to an enormous room filled with straw and tells her if she can spin it into gold before morning, he will marry her- if not, she can rot in the dungeon for the rest of her days. When the demon arrives, she has nothing left to trade but the demon comes up with a plan. Hell spin the straw into gold- in exchange for her first-born child. Reluctantly, the girl consents. A year later, she and the king are happily married and she has given birth to a son. The imp returns to claim the baby. Now a wealthy queen, the girl begs him to leave the baby and take all her worldly goods but he refuses. The queen is so distraught, he makes her a bargain: If she can guess his name he will leave the baby. He gives her three days. Since no one knows his name (other than himself), he figures its a done deal. After failing to learn his name and exhausting as many guesses as she can come up with over the course of two days, the queen flees the castle and runs into the woods in despair. Eventually, she happens on a small cottage where she chances to hear its occupant- none other than the awful imp- singing: Tonight, tonight, my plans I make, tomorrow tomorrow, the baby I take. The queen will never win the game, for Rumpelstiltskin is my name. Armed with the knowledge, the queen returns to the castle. When the imp shows up the next day to take the baby, she calls out the evil tricksters name, Rumpelstiltskin! In a fury, he disappears, never to be seen again (in some versions, he gets so mad he actually explodes; in others, he drives his foot into the ground in a fit of rage and a chasm opens up and swallows him).